UC-NI 


88 


A     MANUAL 

OF 

USEFUL     INFORMATION 

AND 

TABLES 

APPERTAINING    TO    THE    USE     OF 

WROUGHT  IRON 

AS    MANUFACTURED   BY 

THE    PASSAIC 

ROLLING'    MILL  co. 

PATERSON,  N.  J. 
(New-  York  Office,  Room  45,  Astor  House.) 

FOR 

ENGINEERS,  ARCHITECTS,  AND  BUILDERS, 


F.    A.    LEERS,    C.    E 


V 


Copyright,  1884,  by 

THE  PASSAIC  ROLLING  MILL  COMPANY, 
Paterson,  N.  J. 


Press  of  THEO.  L.  DE  VINNE  &  Co.  New- York. 

i8 


OFFICEKS. 


WATTS  COOKE,  President. 

W.  O.  FAYERWEATHER,  Secretary  and  Treasurer. 

JOHN  K.  COOKE,  Superintendent. 

F.  A.  LEERS,  Engineer. 


84713 


PEEFACE. 


'*~lr*HE  present  edition  of  the  MANUAL  is  a  new  work 
-*-  throughout.  It  is  intended  to  supply  such  special 
information  and  tables  as,  it  was  thought,  would  prove 
valuable  to  workers  in  wrought  iron  in  general,  and  the 
patrons  of  the  publishers,  THE  PASSAIC  ROLLING  MILL  Co., 
in  particular. 

The  tables,  with  a  few  exceptions,  were  computed  expressly 
for  this  work,  and  some  of  them  are  original  in  both  matter 
and  form. 

The  author  hopes  that  they  will  be  found  to  possess  the  quali- 
ties of  accuracy  and  reliability. 

Such  of  the  tables  as  were  not  calculated  for  this  work  were 
obtained  from  two  or  more  works  of  presumably  independent 
origin,  which  were  compared  for  the  detection  of  errors. 

The  table  of  weight  of  a  ciibic  foot  and  of  the  iiltimate 
strength  of  substances  was  derived  mostly  from  Trautwine. 

The  list  of  shapes  rolled  by  THE  PASSAIC  ROLLING  MILLS 
will  be  found  increased  in  mimber,  and  some  of  the  'sections 
improved  in  form.  All  angle  irons  are  now  made  with 
flanges  of  uniform  thickness ;  the  range  between  the  minimum 
and  maximum  weight  for  a  number  of  the  shapes  has  been 
increased. 


5*  — 

6           THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY. 

i 

CONTENTS. 

PLATES 

1-5    SECTIONS  OF  I  BEAMS 

PAGE 

IO—I4 

6  7    SECTIONS  OF  CHANNEL  BARS  

15,  16 

8      SECTIONS  OF  EQUAL  TEES      

17 

8      SECTIONS  OF  FLATTED  ROUND  
8      SECTIONS  OF  HALF  ROUND 

17 

17 

8      SECTIONS  OF  ROUNDED  FLAT           

17 

9      SECTIONS  OF  UNEQUAL  TEES         

18 

9      SECTIONS  OF  BEAD  IRON                     

18 

10      SECTIONS  OF  UNEQUAL  ANGLES 

19 

10      SECTIONS  OF  SQUARE-ROOT  UNEQUAL  ANGLES. 
10      SECTIONS  OF  OBTUSE    A.NGLFS 

19 

IQ 

10      SECTIONS  OF  GROOVE    IRON  
10      SECTION   OF   SASH   IRON  
10      SECTION   OF   HAND-RAIL    IRON 

19 
19 
19 

10      SECTION    OF   HEXAGON   IRON 

in 

TO      SECTION   OF   PICTURE  CORNICE                    

19 

ii      SECTIONS  OF  EQUAI  ANGLES 

2O 

ii      SECTIONS  OF  SQUARE-ROOT  \NGLES 

2O 

12,  13  ILLUSTRATION  OF  BEAMS  USED  IN  FIRE-PROOF 
FLOORS                

21,   22 

14      FIRE-PROOF    CONSTRUCTION    WITH    IRON    AND 
HOLI  ow   BRICK                               

23 

15      SECTIONS  OF  PLATE  AND  Box  GIRDERS  

16      SECTIONS  OF  COLUMNS                      

24 
2^ 

17,  18  DIAGRAMS  OF  BRIDGE  AND  ROOF  TRUSSES  
19,  20  STANDARD  WROUGHT-IRON  TURN-TABLES  

if  ,  

26,   27 
28,   29 

THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY.          7 

PAGE 

STRENGTH   OF   BEAMS  34-35 

DIFFERENT  MODES  OF  LOADING  BEAMS 36-40 

TABLE  OF  PROPERTIES  OF  I  BEAMS 41, 42 

TABLE  OF  PROPERTIES  OF  CHANNELS 43.44 

TABLE  OF  PROPERTIES  OF  TEES 45 

TABLE  OF  EQUAL  ANGLES 46 

TABLE  OF  UNEQUAL  ANGLES 47 

TABLE  OF  SAFE  LOADS  ON  I  BEAMS 49~52 

TABLE  OF  SAFE  LOADS  ON  I  BEAMS,  UNSUPPORTED 
SIDEWAYS 53 

FLOORS 54, 55 

BEAMS  USED  AS  JOISTS,  LOAD  70  LBS.  PER  SQ.  FT.  . .  56 
BEAMS  USED  AS  JOISTS,  LOAD  100  LBS.  PER  SQ.  FT.  . .  57 
BEAMS  USED  AS  JOISTS,  LOAD  150  LBS.  PER  SQ.  FT.  . .  58 
BEAMS  USED  AS  JOISTS,  LOAD  200  LBS.  PER  SQ.  FT.  . .  59 
STRENGTH  OF  WOODEN  BEAMS 63 

RIVETED    GIRDERS 60-62 

COLUMNS,  POSTS,  AND  STRUTS 64,65 

TABLES  OF  ALLOWED  WORKING  STRAINS,  PER 

SQUARE  INCH ; 66,67 

TABLE  OF  SAFE  LOADS  FOR  ROLLED  I  BEAMS  USED 

AS  COLUMNS  OR  STRUTS 68 

TABLE  OF  SAFE  LOADS  FOR  HOLLOW  CYLINDRICAL 

CAST  AND  WROUGHT  IRON  COLUMNS 69 

TABLE  OF  SAFE  LOADS  FOR  RECTANGULAR  TIMBER 

POSTS 7° 

ROOFS 71, 72 

TABLE    OF    STRAINS    IN    KING   AND    QUEEN    ROOF 

TRUSSES 73 

TABLE    OF    STRAINS    IN    BELGIAN    OR    FINK    ROOF 
TRUSSES 74 

STRAINS     IN     RECTANGULAR    AND    TRIANGU- 
LAR   BRIDGE    TRUSSES) 75-85 

RIVETS    AND    PINS 86 

TABLE  FOR  SHEARING,  BEARING,  AND  BENDING  OF 

PINS  87 

TABLE  FOR  SHEARING  AND  BEARING  OF  RIVETS 88,89 

TABLE  OF  WEIGHT  OF  RIVETS 90 

SLEEVE    NUTS    AND    UPSET   SCREW   ENDS  OF 

ROUND  AND  SQUARE  RODS 91 


8  THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY. 

TABLES   OF  WEIGHTS,   ETC. 
AREAS    AND    WEIGHT    OF    SQUARE    AND    ROUND 

ROLLED  IRON 92,  93 

AREAS  OF  CIRCLES 123 

AREAS  OF  FLAT  ROLLED  IRON 94,  95 

BOLTS,  WITH  SQUARE  HEADS  AND  NUTS 106 

CAPACITY  OF  CISTERNS 112 

CIRCUMFERENCE  OF  CIRCLES 122 

DIFFERENT  COLORS  OF  IRON  CAUSED  BY  HEAT...        118 

DIFFERENT  STANDARD  WIRE  GAUGES 102 

DIMINUTION  OF  TENACITY  OF  WROUGHT  IRON  AT 

HIGH  TEMPERATURES 117 

FLAGGING 112 

GALVANIZED  AND  BLACK  IRON 103 

LAP-WELDED  IRON  BOILER  TUBES 109 

LINEAR  EXPANSION  OF  METALS 116 

MELTING  POINTS  OF  METALS 118 

NAILS  AND  SPIKES 108 

NATURAL  SINES,  ETC 121 

NOTES  ON  BRICKWORK 113 

ROOFING  SLATE in 

SKYLIGHT  AND  FLOOR  GLASS 112 

SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  OF  VARIOUS  SUBSTANCES 114,115 

SQUARE  AND  HEXAGON  NUTS 107 

STANDARD  SIZES  OF  WASHERS 106 

TACKS 108 

ULTIMATE  STRENGTH  OF  MATERIALS 119, 120 

WEIGHT  OF  SEPARATORS  AND  BOLTS 55 

WEIGHT  PER  SQ.  FOOT  OF  SHEETS  OF  WROUGHT 

IRON,  STEEL,  COPPER,  AND  BRASS. 

THICKNESS  BY  AMERICAN  GAUGE 101 

THICKNESS  BY  BIRMINGHAM  GAUGE 100 

WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES  (U.  S  AND  FRENCH)  — 124-127 

WEIGHTS  OF  FLAT  ROLLED  IRON 96,  97 

WEIGHTS  OF  PLATE  IRON 98,  99 

WEIGHTS  OF  VARIOUS  SUBSTANCES 114, 115 

WINDOW  GLASS no 

WIRE  104 

WROUGHT-IRON  WELDED  TUBES  FOR  STEAM,  GAS, 

OR  WATER 105 

PASSAIC   R.  M.  GO'S  STANDARD  TURN-TABLES    128 


TH  E 


PATERSON,  N.J. 

MANUFACTURERS    OF 

I  U  JUU.Li.LJ     1 
BEAMS,  CHANNELS,  ANGLES.  TEES 


ALL  PARTS   OF 

BRIDGES  OR  FJRE  PROOF  FLOORS  AND  ROOFS 

Wade  and  Fitted  lo  suit  Designs  of  Engineers  and  Architects. 


MANUFACTURERS    OF 


!RpN 


TOSSES 


To  form  Bottom  Chords  for  Bridges  of  any  size  or  Length. 
MADE  VWTHOUT 


WROUGHT  IRON  TO11TO1LES 

AND 

STANDARD   RIGHTED  LEFT 

OR  SLEEVE  NUTS, 


Plans  and    Estimates    furnished. 


10       THE    PASSAIC   ROLLING    MILL    COMPANY. 


PLATE  1 


15 '/8    HEAVY    BEAM. 
200   Ibs.  pr.Yd. 


I53/J6   LIGHT    BEAM 
ISO    Ibs.  pr.Yd. 


THE    PASSAIC    ROLLING    MILL    COMPACT.      11 


PLATE  £ 


K4-   HEAVY    BEAM  . 
I7O    Ibs.pr.Yd. 


5/8  " 


12 '4  LIGHT    BEAM 
125  Ibs.pr.Yd. 


*-  r 


10  y2' 


4,3/4 


10 '2    EXTRA   LIGHT   BEAM  \ 

90   Ibs.pr.Yd. 


12       THE    PASSAT  C    ROLLING    MILL    COMPANY. 


^1B!< 


PLATE  3 

10V2 


IO'/2     HEAVY   BEAM 
I35   lbs.pr.Yd. 


10  V2 


IO'/2     LIGHT    BEAM. 
I05   Ibs.  pr.Yd. 


9*    HEAVY    BEAM. 
85    Ibs. pr.Yd. 


9"  LIGHT    BEAM. 
7O  Ibs. pr.Yd. 


,:..*. 


r\ 


THE    PASSAIC    ROLLING 


8'HEAVY    BEAM. 
80  Ibs-pr.Yd. 


8"  LIGHT    BEAM. 
65  Ibs.pr.  Yd. 


SO.... 


r 


7"  BEAM  . 
60   Ibs.pr.Yd. 


6    EX.  HEAVY    BEAM 
90  to  120  Ibs.pr.Yd. 


13/32" 


V 


14       THE    PASSAIC    ROLLING    MILL    COMPANY. 

6     BEAM.       PLATE  5  6 'BEAM. 

50  IbS  pr.Yd.  40  Ibs.pp.Yd. 


1 


5'  BEAM. 
30  Ibs.pr.  Yd. 


5'    BEAM. 
40  Ibs.pr. Yd. 


4-"    BEAM. 
37  Ibs.pr. Yd. 


4     BEAM 
30   IbS. pr.Yd 


4-    BEAM. 
18  Ibs. pr.Yd. 


THE^PASSAIC   ROLLING    MILL    COMPANY.     15 


PLATE  6 


5"L  17lbs.pp.Yd. 


1ft 


15^16"  CHANNEL 
125  to  150   Ibs.pr.Yd 


1    f  *£  ^ 

I/       4.-Cl3*tbs.pr.Yd.      H 


12 '/4    CHANNEL  12  '/4    CHANNEL 

100 to  140  Ibs.pr.Yd.      80to-95  Ibs.pr.Yd. 


16       THE    PASSAIC    ROLLING    MILL    COMPANY. 


PLATE  .7 


9     CHANNEL 

6O  to  70  Ibs.pr.Yd.         -„. 


6     CHANNEL 
50  to  60  tbs.pr.Yd. 


6     CHANNEL  6    CHANNEL 

3Oto45  IbS.pr.Yd.  22'/2to28  Ibs.pr.Yd. 


'  THE    PASSAIC    ROLLING    MILL    COMPANY.      17 


PLATE  8 
EQUAL-     TEE. 


4'x4x*t'to1lB  33  to  33  Ibs.pr.Yd. 


3fex3*fe'xk*7,fe'  28to33  Ibs.pr.Yd. 


'x2yax5fatft!  ISto  18  Ibs.pr.Yd. 


.Yd. 


T 


9 '/2  to  12  Ibs.pr.Yd. 


"^1   (TS 


FLATTED  ROUND 


1 3/4  &  Smaller 
ls/8 


"1  jJ^lbsp 
U 


6'/2to8'/2  Ibs.pr.Yd, 


HALF     ROUND 


a'/z&Smaller 


ROUNDED     FLATS 
4  and  3"       " 


/2  Ibs.pr.Yd. 


18    THE    PASSAIC    ROLLING    MILL    COMPANY. 


PLATE  9 

UN  EQUAL   TEIE: 


-46  to  60  Ibs  pr.Yd. 


5'x3'x*g  30to36  Ibs.pr.Yd. 
^      C 


5'x2^'xVS"27to33  Ibs  pr.Yd. 


4-'x2"x3/8'2l  Ibs. pr.Yd. 


r 


3  "x  2x^8    17  Ibs.pr.Yd. 


3'x4<xV2'33  Ibs. pr.Yd. 


15  Ibs.pr.Yd. 


U 


"^  f8«2  Ibs.pr.Yd 


BEAD     IRON. 


i6'    7!/2  Ibs.pr.Yd. 


II    Ibs.pr.Yd. 


'x5-xi6'       15  Ibs. pr.Yd. 


21  Ibs.pr.Yd. 


THE    PASSAIC    ROLLING    MILL 

COMPANY.      19 

PLATE  10       6*4'xtoto* 

42  to  75  Ibs.pr.Yd. 

UNEQUAL  ANGLES             ^ 

5x3fex%'to%'    30to60 

bs.pr.Yd. 

! 

C 

_^      | 

5V  3  x  3/8  'to  **'       28to  56  Ibs.pr.Yd. 

, 

li 

i 

i 

'^j_  - 

4-'x3"x3/8to3/4-" 

^                                                       ! 

45Sx3"x*8'to3/41  27to  54  Ibs.pr.Yd 

| 

L                         1 

uu 

4x3fci_!totoW  27to54lbs.pr.Yd. 

^         U_       rz 

l 

24  to  48  Ibs.pr.YcT 

^1    1                              12  to  18  IDs 

SQ.  ROOT  ANGLE 

r  -i                                                6^tol!lbs.pr.Ydrj 

[j%x^xy8                      Glfetolllbs.prYd^ 

.      . 

«*    ijj 

li     ' 

c_^~i       IJJ                      ^"«  m 

4.2to7lbs.pr.Ydl 
l^xlV'Sx^e'                               J                          l^'xVixy*1        |J           L 

c^^^                  [rn]   GROOVE 

OBTUSE  ANGLE                                                      GROOVE 
HEX 

/               \lV4t0^6- 
HAND  RAIL                       \  /                           5ASM 

9W  1V4-  V                                                                                                        II 

PICTURE  CORNICE. 

20       THE    PASSAIC    ROLLING    MILL    COMPANY. 


PLATE  11 


4'x4?'x%to%"    28tc58  Ibs.pr.Yd 


3%x31fe'x%loV*     24to5l  Ibs.pr.Yd 


SQUARE  ROOT    ANGLES.  |o3.6  lbs.pr.Yd. 

V*x^  17  Ibs.pr.Yd. 


THE    PASSAIC    ROKLLNG    M 


FIG. 2. 


FIG.  8. 


22      THE    PASSAIC    ROLLING    MILL    COMPANY. 


PLATE  13 


TrrrTrrmi 


FIG.  9 


FIG.  10. 


THE    PASSAIC    ROLLING    MILL    COMPANY.      23 


THE  FIRE  PROOF  BUILDING  COMPANY  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Fire  Proof  Construction  with  Iron  and  Hollow  Brick. 
PLATE  14 


24       THE    PASSAIC    ROLLING    MILL    COMPANY. 

PLATE  15 

CM 

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THE    PASSAIC   ROLLING    MILL    COMPANY:       25 


SECTIONS    OF   COLUMNS 
PL  ATE  16 


FIG  I. 


FIG. 2. 


1 


FIG. 8. 


I 1 


FFG.3. 


FIG.4. 


FIG.5. 

n 


F1G.6. 
I I 


FIG. 7. 

HH 


FIG.  1 1.         no.12. 
I 


FIG-13-  FIG.I4. 

r  i  T 

L__jl  JL 


FIG.I5-  FIG.  16. 


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FIG. 17. 

JL 
nr 


FIG. 18. 


V 


26        THE    PASSAIC    ROLLING    MILL    COMPANY. 


PL  ATE  17 


FIG.  I. 


TRIANGULAR  OR  WARREN  TRUSS. 

7,       15'        13'        ±L'        9'          1          5'         3' 


18         16        14        12        10          8 


420 


WARREN  TRUSS  WITH  INTERMEDIATE   POSTS. 


FIG. 2. 


17'         15'        13'         11' 


1'         5'  3  1' 


18  16          14          12  1O  8  6  4? 


WARREN  TRUSS, WITH  INTERMEDIATE  SUSPENDERS. 


FIG.3. 


±Z'        15'        13' 


18         16          14        12         10          8  6  4-2  0 


RECTANGULAR  TRUSS,  SINGLE  INTERSECTION. 


FIG- 4 


KING  AND  QUEEN   ROOF  TRUSS. 


FIG.5. 


36265432          3 


PL  ATE  18 


CO, 


Z 

TH  U 

a: 


Sg 
to 

S's 

h 
U  , 


X 


MILL    COMPANY.        27 

U  10  15  14  •  13  12  11  1O  9  765  3  2  1  0  g£ 

p,G  4  DOUBLE  INTERSECTION  RECTANGULAR  TRUSS. 

13'  12'  11.'  10'  9'  8'  1'  6'  5'  4-'  3'  2'  l' 

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04 

CO 

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CD 
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CD 

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28 


THE    PASSAIC    ROLLING    MILL    COMPANY. 


2   0 
O   Q 


O  u 

II 


O 

O  C_ 


I* 

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THE    PASSAIC   ROLLING    MILL    COMPANY.       29 
., PLATE  2( 


•« 


30        THE    EASSAIC    RO  LINING    MILL    CO~MPA*TY. 


THE    PASSAIC    ROLLING    MILL    COMPANY.      31 


32      THE    PASSAIC    ROLLING    MILL    COMPANY. 


THE    PASSAIC   ROLLING    MILL    COMPANY.      33 


34        THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY. 


STBENGTH    OF    BEAMS. 

IF  a  beam,  supported  at  its  ends,  is  loaded  with  a  weight, 
this  weight  will  produce  reactions  on  the  two  supports,  the 
sum  of  which  is  equal  to  the  weight.  These  are  the  external 
forces  acting  on  the  beam.  Under  the  influence  of  these  ex- 
ternal forces  a  bending  of  the  beam  occurs,  the  fibers  of  the 
upper  half  of  the  cross-section  are  shortened,  and  those  of  the 
lower  half  are  elongated.  These  changes  are  the  result  of  a 
compressive  strain  in  the  upper  half  and  of  a  tensile  strain  in 
the  lower  half  of  the  cross-section  of  the  beam.  In  the  middle 
of  the  heights  is  a  place  where  no  shortening  or  lengthening 
of  the  fibers  occurs,  and  this  is  called  the  neutral  axis.  In 
wrought  iron,  as  in  other  homogeneous  substances,  this  neu- 
tral axis  is  coincident  with  the  center  of  gravity  of  the  section, 
and  in  symmetrical  sections,  as  in  I  beams,  this  is  in  the 
middle  of  the  depth  of  the  beam. 

The  moment  of  inertia  of  a  cross-section  is  an  expression 
which  is  used  in  the  calculation  of  the  strength  of  beams. 
The  sum  of  the  products  of  the  infinitely  small  areas  of  each 
fiber,  by  the  square  of  its  distance  (taken  at  right  angles) 
from  the  neutral  axis,  is  its  value  with  respect  to  this  axis. 

The  moment  of  resistance  is  the  moment  of  inertia  divided 
by  the  distance  from  the  neutral  axis  (or  center  of  gravity  of 
the  section)  to  the  most  extreme  fiber.  This  is  used  to  deter- 
mine the  maximum  strain  in  the  most  extreme  fiber. 

The  radius  of  gyration  is  found  by  extracting  the  square 
root  of  the  moment  of  inertia  divided  by  the  area  of  the  cross- 
section.  If  all  material  were  concentrated  at  this  distance 
from  the  neutral  axis  (or  center  of  gravity),  it  would  resist 
against  bending  the  same  as  the  material  distributed  over  the 
cross-section. 

Twice  the  radius  of  gyration  may  be  called  the  effective 
depth  of  the  beam. 


THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY.       35 


TERMS    USED    IN    FORMULAS: 

W,  Load. 

/,  Length  of  beam  in  inches. 

A,  Area  of  total  cross-section  of  beam. 

h,  Depth  of  beam. 

I,  Moment  of  inertia  of  cross-section. 

R,  Moment  of  resistance  of  cross-section. 

e,  Distance  of  the  most  extreme  fiber  from  the  neutral  axis 

(usually  e  =  —  J. 

d,     Deflection  in  inches. 

S,     Strain  per  square  inch. 

M,     Bending-moment  produced  by  the  load  W  in  any  cross- 
section. 

x,     The  distance  of  this  cross-section  from  the  support  or 
from  the  load. 


The  following  tables  give  general  formulas  of  bending- 
moments  M,  maximum  loads  W,  maximum  fiber  strains  S, 
and  deflections  d,  for  beams  loaded  and  supported  in  different 
ways.  The  bending-moments  may  be  calculated  with  these 
formulas  for  any  cross-section  by  substituting  the  particular 
value  of  JT,  and  from  the  value  thus  obtained  the  strain  in  this 
cross-section  is  found  by  the  general  formula 


The  necessary  section  of  the  beam  at  any  place  is  obtained 
by  reversing  this  formula,  thus  : 

I  M 

-e       OT      R=S' 

This  gives  the  moment  of  resistance  required,  arid  the  cor- 
responding beam  may  be  selected  from  the  table  giving  the 
different  properties  of  beams  and  channels. 


36      THE    PASSAIC   ROLLING    MILL    COMPANY. 


THE    EASSAIC    ROLLING 


THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY.        39 


PKOPEETIES   OF  PASSAIC  EOLLING  MILL'S 

I  BEAMS,  CHANNEL  BAKS,  ANGLES, 

AND  TEE  IKON. 

THE  following  tables  give  co-efficients,  by  the  use  of  which 
the  safe,  uniformly  distributed  load  for  any  Beam,  Channel, 
Tee,  or  Angle  Iron  can  be  easily  determined.  It  is  only 
necessary  to  divide  the  co-efficient  by  the  span  between 
centers  of  supports  (in  feet).  This  will  give  the  safe,  uni- 
formly distributed  load  in  Ibs.  for  a  beam  simply  supported 
on  both  ends,  as  in  case  8  (see  table  of  formulas  for  different 
modes  of  loading).  For  any  other  way  of  loading,  the  result 
has  to  be  multiplied  with  a  factor  which  is  for 

MODE  OF  LOADING. 

FACTOR. 

1.  One  end  fixed,  other  end  loaded l/$ 

2.  Both  ends  supported,  concentrated  load  in  center 

of  span y2 

3.  Both  ends    supported,  concentrated  load  on  rny 

point  of  beam 

4.  One  end  fixed,  other  end  supported,  concentrated 

load  in  center  of  span %' 

5.  Both  ends  fixed,  concentrated  load  in  center   of 

span I 

6.  Concentrated    load    at    each    end,    two    supports 

between  ends  of  beam y% 

7.  One  end  fixed,  uniformly  distributed  load ^ 

8.  Both  ends  supported,  uniformly  distributed  load.  .  I 

9.  One  end  fixed,  other  end  supported,  uniformly  dis- 

tributed load . I 

10.  Both  ends  fixed,  uniformly  distributed  load -3 

n.  One  end  fixed,  load  distributed,  but  increasing 

toward  the  fixed  end y% 

12.  Both  ends  supported,  load  distributed,  but  decreas- 

ing toward  the  middle  of  the  span f 

13.  Both  ends  supported,  load  distributed,  but  increas- 

ing toward  the  middle  of  the  span ^ 


< 

40        THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY. 


The  co-efficients  given  in  the  tables  for  Beams  and  Chan- 
nels have  been  calculated  for  maximum  fiber  strains  of  12,000 
Ibs.  per  square  inch  and  10,000  Ibs.  per  square  inch,  but  those 
for  Tees  and  Angle  Iron  only  for  12,000  Ibs.  per  square  inch. 
If  it  be  desired  to  find  the  carrying  capacity  for  any  other 
strain  per  square  inch,  this  is  simply  done  by  increasing  or 
decreasing  the  co-efficient  given  in  the  tables  in  proportion 
to  the  strains  allowed.  These  tables  have  been  calculated 
under  the  supposition  that  the  beams  are  sufficiently  secured 
against  yielding  sideways.  Usually,  it  is  assumed  that  this 
is  the  case  if  the  free  length  of  the  beam  does  not  exceed 
twenty  times  its  width.  If  longer  beams  are  required,  it  is 
necessary  that  they  should  be  stayed  at  intermediate  points, 
or  the  safe  load  has  to  be  reduced  as  given  in  the  table  for 
beams  not  secured  against  yielding  sideways. 

Beams  or  Channels  in  short  lengths  have  to  be  proportioned 
so  that  the  section  of  the  web  is  sufficient  to  resist  the  shearing 
strain.  The  shearing  strain  on  the  web  should  not  be  more 
than  the  half  of  the  fiber  strain  allowed  on  the  flanges  ;  that 
is,  6000  and  5000  Ibs.  resp.  per  square  inch.  This  gives  for 
short  beams  a  maximum  safe  load  which  such  beam  may 
support  without  buckling  or  crushing  of  the  web. 

The  tables  show  the  dimensions  and  different  properties  of 
I  Beams,  Channels,  Tees,  and  Angle  Iron.  I  Beams  are 
usually  rolled  heavy,  and  light  weight,  as  given  in  the  table. 
Channels  and  Angle  Iron  frequently  are  made  of  varying 
weights,  but  Tee  Iron  can  be  rolled  only  to  the  weights 
shown  in  the  lithographed  plates. 


THE      PASSAIC      ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY.          41 

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42          THE      PASSAIC      ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY. 

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44        THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY. 

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THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY.        45 


0 


he  Co-efificients  of  Strength  are  calculated  for  a  maximum  strain  o 


11 


cr    — — 


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46        THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY. 

WEIGHTS  AND  PROPERTIES  OF  ANGLE  IRON. 

ANGLES  WITH  EQUAL  LEGS. 

Co-efficient  of 
Strength, 
max.  strain  10,000 
Ibs.  per  sq.  inch. 

"<f  CO  5*  rH 
1      1       1       1 
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000 
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Distance  of 
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I| 

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axis  through 
Center  of  Gravity. 

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PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY.         47 

Co-efficient  of 
Strength, 
max.  strain  10,000 
Ibs.  per  sq.  inch. 

o  o  o  o 

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Distance  of 
Cent,  of  Grav. 
from  outside  of 
flange.  Inches. 

33&S5 

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0  CDCS05 
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r3S 

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1       1       1       1 

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rH  0 

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Center  of  Gravity. 

O 

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Weights  per  yard  for  different  thicknesses. 

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TH 

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„      3 

N          ^C 

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X      X 

(M      rH  rH  rH 

X    XXX 

CO      frtcOrH* 

48        THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY. 


I    BEAMS. 

THE  following  tables  are  designed  for  practical  use,  to 
guide  the  selection  of  the  most  economical  beam,  by  simple 
inspection,  when  me  load  and  the  span  between  centers  of 
supports  are  given.  The  maximum  fiber  strain  assumed  is 
12,000  Ibs.  per  square  inch,  which  is  sufficient  for  all  build- 
ing purposes.  Where  beams  have  to  carry  moving  loads,  as 
in  bridges,  etc., this  maximum  fiber  strain  should  be  reduced; 
but  for  entirely  permanent  and  dead  loads,  it  may  be  increased 
with  safety  up  to  16,000  Ibs.  per  square  inch,  as  the  limit  of 
elasticity  is  at  least  fifty  per  cent,  larger  than  this.  The 
corresponding  bearing  capacity  of  beams  can  be  easily  found 
by  simply  multiplying  the  safe  loads  given  in  the  table  by  the 
proportion  of  maximum  strain  allowed.  The  deflections  for 
each  greater  load  are  always  in  proportion  to  the  loads. 

Another  table  has  been  calculated  for  the  safe  loads  which 
may  be  carried  by  beams  not  supported  sideways.  This 
table  is  calculated  from  Rankine's  formula, 


1    5000  w* 

in  which  a  =  the  strain  allowed  in  beams  braced  sideways, 
/  =  length  in  inches,  and  w  —  width  in  inches. 


THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY. 


49 


00 


05 


ECTIONS  in  inche 
yielding  sideways 


tn    *Z     \^ 

'*  I  i  o 
"  ^  I 


ed,  and  correspond 
eams  being  secure 


•*f  CO  OS  rH  ^<     l>  i-H 
^OOOrHrHrHCOOiOiCO 

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CJ 


^     . 

£>% 

p. 

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o  o  o  o  o  I  o  o  o  o  o  I  o  o  o  o  o 

~|2  CO  lO  CO  CO  -^  |COiOl>C01>  ICOODtOCOOS 
.POOuOCOrHOOSG6l>t>lcOCOlOlOO^t 


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B  O  O  O  O  rH 

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COrHOOSo6o6t>lj>COCO 


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0  •«*  30  •«*  rH  Ci 
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10  CD  J>  00  05 


50       THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY. 


for  maximum 
. 


s 


uniformly  distributed,  and  corresponding  DEFLECTIONS  in  inches 
Ibs.  per  sq.  inch  (beams  being  secured  against  yielding  sidewa 


ons  of  20 
rains  of 


,  in 

fiber 


I        OOCMl^CMOO  ijOCMOOOO 
j-'OrHrHCMcMCO'^flOiOCO 

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^d  06  j>co  10 


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t^  CO  xC  O  O 


•^  CM  O  C5  i^ 

COCO  CO  CM  CM 


J>  rf  CM  O5  l>. 


tH  rH  r-tiH  rH 


THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY 


51 


IO 


CTIONS  in  in 
yielding  sidew 


00 


co 


c  rH  Oi  1> 


HrT  CO  CO  CO  CO 


LE 
t  y 


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O  1^00  CO 


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CO  CO  CO  OJ  OI  I  O*  O*  Oi  OJ  O* 


ItO  OI 
CO  tO  tO  ^f  CO 
oioioioJoi 


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rf  rf  CO  I  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO    CO  CO  OJ  OI  Oi 


BE..A.MS—  Co 


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52        THE-PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY. 


4 

H 
PQ 


inche 
deway 


1 

Si      « 
'•« 

J 


nding  DEFLECTIONS 
ured  against  yielding 


respo 
ng  secu 


SDvil 


nd 
s  b 


uniformly  distribu 
Ibs.  per  sq.  inch  ( 


s  o 

ain 


,  in 

be 


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rH  CO  0  1>  0 


CD 


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00 


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lei  oi  <?i  w  <?J 


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W  HH         •          • 

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—                                                                                                                    —  *T 
THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY.       53 

BEAMS  UNSUPPORTED  SIDEWAYS 

Are  liable  to  fail  under  a  much  lighter  load  than  given  in  the  previous  tables,  by  yielding  laterally. 
Safe  Load,  in  tons,  for  Beams  unsupported  sideways. 

SIX  „? 

^ 

rH 

** 

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rH 

11 

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CO  00  CO 

% 

54          THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY. 


FLOORS. 


THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MIL 


construction  of  openings  for  stair- wajs,  liatc 
ends  of  joists  or  beams  should  rest  01 
of  iron  or  of  stone,  so  as  to  distribute  the  pPffSflre  over  the 
brick- work ;  also,  anchors  have  to  be  connected  to  the  ends 
in  the  wall.  Tie-rods,  three-fourths  to  one  inch  in  diameter, 
are  used  to  tie  the  joists  together  and  take  up  the  thrust  of 
the  arches.  Concrete  is  frequently  used  instead  of  brick 
arches.  Corrugated  iron  is  placed  between  the  joists,  resting 
on  the  lower  flanges,  and  concrete  is  laid  top  of  it.  Also, 
hollow  bricks  and  blocks  of  different  shapes  have  been  used 
for  fire-proof  floors.  These  have  the  advantage  of  reducing 
the  dead  load  considerably.  They  may  be  used  for  flat  or 
segmental  arches. 

Girders  consisting  of  two  or  more  beams  are  used  when 
single  beams  do  not  give  the  necessary  strength.  Usually, 
they  are  bolted  together  with  cast-iron  separators.  For 
carrying  walls,  it  is  necessary  to  have  girders  consisting  of 
at  least  two  beams,  so  as  to  give  sufficient  width.  The  beams 
should  have  separators  near  the  supports,  and  besides  these, 
from  five  to  seven  feet  apart.  A  table  of  the  weight  of  Cast- 
iron  Separators  is  given  here  below. 


APPKOXIMATE  WEIGHTS  OF  SEPARATOKS 
AND  BOLTS. 


Size  of 

W-ght  of,    Increase    j 

oS'fiSt  '1?,^  for  i    Sizeof 

i  Weight  of 
Sep.  and 
one  Bolt, 

Increase 
in  Wt.  for 

Beam. 

flanges     ^Sr          Bean, 

brpfr?    °fsep-  ; 

Flanges 
|  being  %" 
\     apart. 

1"  increase 
in  width 
of  Sep. 

15  "  X  200 

20*  Ibs.1    3f  Ibs.       9"X  85 

]    9£lbs. 

2f  Ibs. 

15  "  X  150 

IS*    ' 

;  3£  ' 

9"X  70 

-  9      « 

2*    " 

121"  X  170 

1   14*    ' 

2|    • 

8"X80 

!    94L    " 

2i     « 

12k"  X  125 

1    14*    « 

3      • 

i     8"X65 

1    10    « 

2f    " 

W  X  135 

13{    • 

!    2$    ' 

7"X60 

7f    " 

2      " 

104"  x  ior> 

12|    « 

2£    ' 

!     6"X90 

8|    " 

11     " 

10i"  X  90 

121    ' 

2|    '          6"X  50 

7i    " 

2       « 

j 

6"X  40 

6i    « 

i 

1*     " 

**                                                                              —  . 

56         THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY. 

I   BEAMS,  USED  AS  FLOOKING  JOISTS. 

Load,  7O  Ibs.  per  D  ft. 

Clear 
Span. 

3 

apart. 

3|' 

apart. 

35D' 

4' 

apart. 

4V 

apart. 

5'          5i' 

apart.         apart. 

6 

apart. 
GOD' 

10ft. 

30  D' 

40D' 

45D' 

50Dy  :    55D' 

Load,  tb 

2,100 
5X30 

2,450 
5       30 

2,800 
5  X  30 

3,150 
5X30 

3,500          3,850 
5  X  30       5  X  30 

4,200 
6X40 

12ft. 

36D' 

42D' 

48D' 

54D' 

60CT      6GD' 

72D' 

Load,tb 
I 

2,520 
5X30 

2,940 
5  X  30 

3,360 
5X30 

3,780 
6X40 

4,200          4,620 
6       40        6       40 

5,040 
6X40 

14ft. 

42  D' 

49LT 

56D'     G3D' 

70D':    77D' 

84D' 

Load,  tb 

2,940 

5       30 

3,430 
6X40 

3,920        4,410 
6       40      6  X  40 

4,900          5,390 
6  X  50       6  X  50 

5,880 

7       GO 

16ft. 

48  D' 

56D'     64D'     72D' 

80D'      88D' 

96D' 

Load,  tb 

3,360 
6X40 

3,920 
6X40 

4,480         5,040 
6  X  50      7  X  60 

5,600          6,160 
7  X  60       7  X  60 

6,720 
8  X  65 

18ft. 

54LT 

63D' 

72D' 

810' 

90D'      99D' 

108  D' 

Load,  tb 

3,780 
6X50 

4,410 
7  X60 

5,040 
7  X  60 

5,670 
7X60 

6,300          6,930 
8      65       8X65 

7,560 
8  X  65 

20ft. 

60LT 

70LT 

80D' 

90D' 

100  D'      HOD' 

120  D' 

Load,  tb 

I 

4,200 
7X60 

4,900 
7X60 

5,600 
8       65 

6,300 
8X65 

7,000          7,700 
8  X  65       9  X  70 

8,400 
9       85 

22ft. 

66D' 

77D'      88D' 

99D' 

HOD'     121  D' 

132  D' 

Load,  tb 
I 

4,620 
7  X60 

5,390 
8X65 

6,160 
8  X  65 

6,930 
9X70 

7,700         8,470 
9  X  85  \     9  X  85 

9,240 
10£  X90 

24ft. 

72D' 

84D' 

9GD' 

108  LT 

120D';   132  D' 

144  a' 

Load,  tb 

I 

5,040 
8  X  65 

5,880 
8X65 

6,720 
9X70 

7,560 
9X85 

8.400          9,240 
10^x90    104       90 

10,080 
10£  X90 

26  ft 

780' 

91D' 

104  D' 

117  D' 

130  D'     1-13  D' 

156  D' 

Load,  tb 

I 

5,460 
8  X  65 

6,370 
9  ,\  85 

7,280        8,190 
9X85     10^x90 

9,100         10,010 
10J  «  90   10%  X  105 

10,920 

28ft. 

84D' 

98D' 

112  D' 

126  D' 

140  D'     154  D' 

168  a' 

Load,  tb 
I 

5,880 
9X85 

6,860 

7,840        8.820        9,800         10,780 
10^X90    10^X90  10JX105  12£  X  125 

11,760 

30ft. 

90LT 

105  D 

120  D'    135  D' 

150D'     165D' 

180  a' 

Load,  tb 

I 

6,300 
10^X90 

7,350         8,400         9,450       10,500         11,550 
10JX90  10^X105  12JM25  12J\125  12J  X  125 

12.600 
12JM25 

THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY.       57 

I  BEAMS,  USED  AS  FLOCKING  JOISTS. 

Load,  100  Ibs.  per  D  ft. 

Clear 
Span. 

3' 

apart. 

30Q' 

3,000 
5X30 

•f 

apart 

35D' 

3,500 
5X30 

4' 

apart. 

4V 

apart. 

5' 

apart. 

5^' 

apart. 

6' 

apart. 

10ft. 

Load,  IB 

I 

40D'     45D' 

4,000        4,500 
5  X  30     6  X  40 

50D' 

5,000 
6     ,40 

55D' 

5,500 
6X40 

GOD' 

6,000 
6  X  40 

12ft. 

Load,  lb 
I 

36D'     42  D' 

3,600    :    4.200 
6X40      6XX40 

48D'  !  54D' 

4,800        5,400 
6  X  40     6  X  50 

GOD' 

6,000 
6X50 

66D' 

6,600 
7X60 

72D' 

7,200 
7      60 

14ft. 

Load,  16 
I 

42  n' 

4,200 
6X40 

49D' 

4,900 
6X50 

56D' 

5,600 
6  X  50 

64D' 

6,400 
7  X  60 

63D' 

6,300 
7x60 

70  D' 

7,000 
7X60 

77D' 

7,700 

8X65 

84D' 

8,400 
8X65 

16ft. 

Load,  ft 
I 

48D' 

4,800 
6  X  50 

56D' 

5.600 
7X60 

72D' 

7,200- 
8X65 

son' 

8,000 
8X65 

88D' 

8,800 
8  X  65 

9GD' 

9,600 
9X70 

18ft. 

Load,  ft 
I 

54D' 

5,400 
7      60 

63D' 

6,300 
8X65 

72  D' 

7,200 
8X65 

81D' 

8,100 
9X70 

90D' 

9,000 
9  X  85 

99D' 

9,900 
9X85 

108  a' 

10,800 
104  X  90 

20ft. 

Load,  lt> 
I 

60D' 

6,000 
8X65 

70D' 

7,000 
8X65 

80D' 

8,000 
9X70 

90D' 

9,000 
9X85 

100  D' 

10,000 
10i      90 

110  D  ' 

11,000 
104X90 

120  a' 

12,000 
104  X  90 

22ft. 

Load,  ft 
I 

GOD7 

6,600 
9  X  70 

77D' 

7,700 
9  X  85 

88D' 

8,800 
104  X  90 

99D' 

9,900 
10J  X  90 

HOD' 

11,000 

10£  X  90 

121  D' 

12,100 

104X105 

432D' 

13,200 
12i  X  125 

24ft. 

Load,  lb 
I 

72  a' 

7,200 
9X85 

84D' 
8,400 

104  X  90 

96D' 

9,600 
104  X  90 

108  D' 

10,800 
10JX105 

120  D' 

12,000 
12JX125 

132  n' 

13,200 
12i  X  125 

J44D' 

14,400 
12i  X  125 

26ft. 

Load,  tb 

I 

78D' 

7,800 
104  X90 

91  D' 
9,100 

104  <90 

104D' 

10,400 
10J/105 

117  D' 

11,700 
12JX125 

130  D' 

13,000 
12JX125 

143  D' 

14,300 
12i  X  125 

15CD' 

15,600 
15  X  150 

28ft. 

Load,  lb 
I 

84D' 

8,400 
10  4  X90 

98D' 

9,800 
104X105 

112  D' 

11,200 
12JX125 

126D'  140  D' 

12,600  !   14,000 
124X12515X150 

J54D' 

15,400 
15  X  150 

168  a  ' 

16,800 
15  X  150 

30ft. 

Load,  ft 
I 

• 

90  a' 

9,000 
104    105 

105  D' 

10,500 
12JX125 

120  D' 

12,000 

12JX125 

135  D' 

13,500 
15  X  150 

icon' 

15,000 
15  X  150 

165  D' 

16,500 
15  X  150 

180  a' 

18,000 
15  X  150 

58         THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY. 

I  BEAMS,  USED  AS  FLOCKING  JOISTS. 

Load,  150  Ibs.  per  D  ft. 


Clear 
Span. 

3 

apart. 

apart. 

35D' 

5,250 
6X40 

4 

apart. 

4V 

apart. 

5' 

apart. 

apart. 

55D' 

8,250 
7      60 

6 

apart. 

10ft. 

Load,  tb 
I 

30n' 

4,500 
6X40 

40n' 

6,000 
6      40 

45D' 

6,750 
6  X  50 

50  D' 

7,500 
6X50 

9,000 
7X60 

12ft. 

Load,lb 

I 

36D' 

5,400 
6  X  50 

42H' 

6,300 
6X50 

48D' 

7,200 
7X60 

54n' 

8,100 
V  X  60 

60D7 

9,000 

8      65 

660' 

9,900 
8X65 

72Q' 

10,800 
8       65 

14ft. 

Load,  tb 
I 

16ft. 

Load,  ft 
1 

420' 

6,300 
7X60 

49n' 

7,350 
7  X  60 

5GD' 

8,400 
8      65 

63DX 

9,450 

8X65 

70LT 

10,500 
9  X  70 

77DX 

11,550 
9     ,85 

84n' 

12,600 
9X85 

48H' 

7,200 
8X66 

56n' 

8,400 

8      65 

64H' 

9,600 
9X70 

72D' 

10,800 

9    ,85 

80D' 

12,000 
104X90 

88D' 

13,200 
104  X  90 

96n' 

14,400 
104  X  90 

18ft. 

Load.tb 

54LT 

8,100 
9      70 

63n' 

9,450 
9X85 

72n' 

10,800 
104X90 

81D' 

12,150 

10A     -10 

90LT 

13,500 

104x90 

99DX 

14,850 
10A       105 

108  n' 

16,200 
12J  >   12E 

20ft. 

Load,  M> 

1 

,60n' 

9,000 
9X85 

70n' 

10,500 
104x90 

son' 

12,000 
104    90 

90  a' 

13,500 
104x105 

100  n' 

15,000 
12i>;125 

lion' 

16,500 
12J  X  125 

121  n  ' 

18,150 
15  X  150 

120  a.-1 

18,000 
12^  X  12S 

22ft. 

Load,  tb 

I 

G6n' 

9,900 
104X90 

77H' 
11,550 

104x105 

88n' 

13,200 
12^    125 

99H' 

14,850 
12^x125 

HOD' 

16,500 
12^X125 

132  a' 

19,800 
15  X  150 

24ft. 

Load,  tb 
I 

72n' 

10,800 
104x105 

84n' 

12,600 
12iXl25 

96n' 

14,400 
12^x125 

108  n' 

16,200 
12iXl25 

120  n' 

18.000 
15X150 

132  n' 

19,800 
15  X  150 

144D-' 

21,600 
15       150 

26  ft 

Load,  ft 
I 

78  D'' 

11,700 
12^X125 

91D' 

13,650 
12JX125 

104  D' 

15,600 
15X150 

117  n' 

17,550 
15X150 

13D  n7 

19,500 
15X150 

143  n 

21,450 

15  X  150 

156  n' 

23,400 
15  >  200 

28ft. 

Load,  ft 
1 

84n' 

12,600 
12^X125 

98n' 

14,700 
15X150 

112  a' 

16,800 
15X150 

126  n' 

18.900 
15X150 

140  a  ' 

21,000 
15X200 

154  n; 

23,100 
15X200 

168  n' 

25,200 
15       200 

30ft. 

Load,  tb 
I 
i 

90n' 

13,500 
15X150 

105  n' 

16,250 
15X150 

120  a' 

18,000 
15X150 

135  D' 

20,250 
15X200 

150  a' 

22,500 
15X200 

165  n' 

24,750 
15  X  200 

180  a' 

27,000 

2-lf>     150 

I 

Clear 
Span. 

1'HE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY.       59 

BEAMS,  USED  AS  FLOCKING  JOISTS. 

Load,  200  Ibs.  per  D  ft. 

3' 

apart. 

8i' 

apart. 

35D' 

7,000 
6  X  50 

4' 

apart. 

40D7 

8,000 
7  X60 

4V 

apart. 

5' 

apart. 

5V 

apart. 

6' 

apart. 

10ft. 

Load,  tb 
I 

son' 
6,oao 

6X40 

45D' 

9,000 

7  X  60 

50DX 

10,000 
7  X60 

55LT 

11,000 
8X65 

60D' 

12,000 

8  X  65 

12ft. 

Load,  lt> 

I 

36D' 

7,200 
7  X  60 

42D' 

8,400 
7X60 

48D' 

9,600 
8X65 

54LT 

10,800 
8  X  65 

60D' 

12,000 
9X70 

66LT 

13,200 
9  X70 

72LT 

14,400 
9X85 

14ft. 

Load,  tb 

I 

4.2  D' 

8,400 
8  X  65 

49D' 

9,800 
8X65 

5GLT 

11,20C 
9    (  70 

83D' 

12,60C 

9     .85 

70Dy 

14,000' 
10^X90 

77DX 

15,400 
10$  X  90 

84D7 

16,800 
10J  X  90 

16ft. 

Load,  ft 

48D' 
9,600 

9   ;  i  j 

56D' 

11,200 
9X85 

64  D' 

12,800 
10£x9C 

72D' 

14,400 
10^X90 

son' 

16,000 
10J  <105 

88D' 

17,600 
lOi  X  105 

96D' 

19,200 
10J  X  135 

18ft.     54D'     63D' 

Load,  ft     10,800      12,600 
I          10£     90    10^X90 

72D' 
14,400 

ioj,-ao5 

81D' 

16.20C 
12i;N125 

90D7 

18,000 
12JX125 

99D' 

19,800 
124  ,.125 

108  D' 

21,600 
12i  X  125 

20ft. 

Load,  tb 
I 

COD'     70  D' 

12,000      14,000 
10i  X  90,124X125 

80n' 

16,000 
12JX125 

90D' 

18,000 
12^X125 

100  D7 

20,000 
15X150 

HOD7 

22,000 
15  X  150 

120  n' 

24,000 
15  X  150 

22ft. 

Load,  lb 
I 

66D'     77D'  j  88D' 

13,200  !    15,400  |   17,600 
12iXl25jl2iXl2512}Xl25 

99  D' 

19,800 
15X150 

HOD' 

22,000 
15X150 

121  a' 

24,200 
15  A  150 

132  D' 

26,400 
15  X  200 

24ft. 

Load,  05 

I 

72D'     84D' 

14,400      16,800 
12^X125  15     150 

96D' 

19,200 
15X150 

108  D' 

21,600 
15X150 

120  D' 

24,000 
15x200 

132  a' 

26,400 
15  X  200 

144D' 

28,800 
15  X  200 

26ft. 

Load,  11 
I 

78D'  j  91D' 

15,600      18,200 
15X150    15X150 

104  D' 

20,800 
15X150 

117  D' 

23,400 
15X200 

130  D' 

26.000 
15  x  200 

143  a' 

28,600 
15  X  200 

156  D' 

31,200 
2-15  X  150 

28ft. 

Load,lb 

I 

84D' 

16,800 
15X.150 

;  98D'  !  112D7 

19,600      22,400 
15X150  i  15X200 

126  a' 

25,200 
15X200 

140  D7 

i    28,000 
2-15x150 

150  D' 

30,000 
2-15X150 

154  D' 

30,800 
2-15  X  150 

168  D' 

33,600 
2-15  X  150 

30ft. 

Load,  lb 
I 

fc-  

90  D'     105  D' 

18,000      21,000 
15X150  j  15X200 

120  D' 

24,000 
15X200 

135  nx 

27,000 
2-15  X15C 

1650' 

33,000 
2-15  X  150 

180  D' 

36,000 
2-15  X  150 

*2 

60        THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY. 


EIYETED 


RIVETED  girders  are  used  where  rolled  beams  are  not 
sufficiently  strong  for  carrying  the  load.  Sometimes  it  may 
be  more  economical  to  use  a  deeper  built  beam  instead  of  a 
solid  rolled  beam,  but  generally  the  Kolledbeam  is  the  cheaper 
one,  if  it  can  be  had  strong  enough  to  carry  the  weight. 
Plate  girders  have  either  single  or  double  webs.  The  latter 
ones,  box  girders,  have  more  stiffness  sideways  ;  and  plain 
plate  girders,  with  single  webs,  are  somewhat  cheaper.  The 
width  of  the  top  flange  of  the  girders  should  be  at  least  one- 
twentieth  of  the  span,  or  the  section  of  the  top  flange  should 
be  increased  accordingly.  For  girders  not  protected  against 
yielding  sideways,  box  girders  are  preferable,  as  they  have 
greater  stiffness  laterally.  Shearing  strains  in  the  web  should 
never  be  more  than  half  of  the  strains  allowed  in  the  flanges  ; 
and  if  the  depth  is  considerable,  stiffeners  should  be  used  to 
prevent  buckling  of  the  web-plates.  A  good  rule  is  to  have 
stiffeners  if  the  depth  of  the  web-plate  exceeds  eighty  times 
its  thickness.  Angle  irons  are  better  as  stiffeners  than  Tee 
iron  on  account  of  having  larger  flanges,  which  allow  more 
space  for  rivets.  The  stiffeners  should  always  reach  over  the 
vertical  sides  of  the  angles  forming  the  chords  of  the  girder, 
and  there  should  be  filling  pieces  between  the  stiffening  angles 
and  the  web-plate.  In  every  case,  whether  there  are  web- 
stiffeners  used  or  not,  there  should  be  a  reinforcing  by  angles 
or  plates  at  the  ends  of  the  girders  where  they  rest  on  columns 
or  on  the  wall,  so  that  the  reaction  of  the  support  may  be 
resisted  by  an  increased  section  of  the  web.  In  larger  girders, 
one,  two,  or  more  cover-plates  are  required  to  make  up  the 
necessary  section  of  the,  chords  or  flanges.  Frequently  all 
these  cover-plates  are  made  the  whole  length  of  the  girder, 
but  this  is  only  a  waste  of  material,  as  the  outer  cover-plates 
are  only  required  for  a  part  of  the  length.  Plate  girders 
should  never  be  made  too  shallow,  on  account  of  the  deflection; 
they  should  have  at  least  a  depth  of  one  twenty-fourth  of  the 
clear  span  ;  if  built  shallower,  more  material  should  be  put  in 
the  flanges  and  webs,  so  as  to  reduce  the  strain  per  square 
inch,  and  the  deflection  in  proportion. 


THE      PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY.       61 


CALCULATION  OF  A  RIVETED  GIRDER. 

Box  girder,  to  carry  a  wall  20  inches  wide. 

Span,  30  feet  between  centers  of  supports  =  360  inches. 

Total  weight  to  be  carried,  100  tons  =  200,000  Ibs. 

Depth  available,  36". 

Load  on  each  support,  £  X  200,000=  100,000  Ibs. 

100,000  Ibs. 

Web  section  required,  —       —  ^—  =  20  D    . 
5,000  Ibs. 

Two  web-plates,  34/'.X  £"  =  25.^  D". 
Bending  moment  in  middle  of  span, 

|  X  200,000  X  360  =  9,000,000  inch  Ibs. 
Depth  of  girders  bet.  centers  of  chords  or  flanges,  about  34". 

9,000,000 

Maximum  chord  strain,   -  =  264,700  Ibs. 
34 

Chord  section  required,  —  ~  —  —  263-  D  "  . 

This  section  )   ^  of  the  web-plates.  ..............     4j  H" 

is  made  up    >   2  L  iron,  6;/X  4"X  i  .............     9f  D" 

as  follows  :    )    I  cover  plate,  20"  X  f  .............    12^  D  " 

26|  D" 

STIFFENERS.  —  Angle  iron,  3"X  3/7X  f",  placed  about  4  to 
5  feet  apart. 

By  the  use  of  the  following  table,  it  is  easy  to  find  the  sec- 
tion required  in  the  chords  of  riveted  girders,  if  the  load  and 
span  are  given.  This  table  is  calculated  for  a  maximum  strain 
of  10,000  Ibs.  per  square  inch  of  gross  section.  If  a  higher 
strain  per  square  inch  is  admissible,  —  as  in  case  of  strictly 
permanent  loads  for  structures  which  are  not  exposed  to 
vibrations  and  sudden  applications  of  heavy  weights,-*-  it  is 
only  necessary  to  reduce  the  result  obtained  in  proportion  to 
the  higher  strain  per  square  inch  allowed. 

Plate  No.  15,  fig.  i,  shows  an  elevation  of  a  plain  plate 
girder,  built  of  a  web-plate,  and  four  angle  irons,  stiffened 
with  angle-iron  stiffeners. 

Fig.  2.   Section  of  plain  plate  girder,  without  cover-plate. 

Fig.  3.  Section  of  plate  girder,  with  top  and  bottom  cover- 
plates. 

Fig.  4.  Section  of  ordinary  box  girder,  with  two  web-plates, 
two  cover-plates,  and  four  angle  irons  in  chords. 

Fig.  5.  Same  with  extra  angle  irons  riveted  to  the  side  of 
the  web-plate.  The  floor  joists,  either  iron  or  wood,  are  car- 
ried on  these  angles. 

Fig.  6.  Compound  girder,  consisting  of  two  ordinary  plain 
plate  girders,  connected  together  at  intervals  with  wrought 
or  cast  iron  separators. 

Fig.  7.  Box  girder,  composed  of  two  vertical  plates  and 
two  horizontal  channel  irons. 


62        THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY. 


EIVETED    GIRDERS. 

Multiply  by  the  load  in  tons  of  2000  Ibs.,  uniformly  dis- 
tributed, and  divide  by  1000.  The  result  is  the  gross  area 
in  square  inches  required  for  each  flange,  allowing  a  maxi- 
mum fiber  strain  of  10,000  Ibs.  per  D  inch. 


Span 
in 
feet. 

DEPTH  OUT  TO  OUT  OF  WEB  IN  INCHES. 

18 

20 

22 

24 

26 

28 

30 

32 

34  36 

38 

40 

42 

10 

11 

12 
13 

14 

167 
183 
200 
217 
233 

150 
165 
180 
195 
210 

136 
150 
164 
177 
191 

125 
138 
150 
163 
175 

115 
127 

138 
150 
162 

107 
118 
129 
139 
150 

100 
110 
120 
130 
140 

94 
103 
113 
122 
131 

88 
97 
106 
115 
124 

83 
92 
100 
108 
117 

79 
87 
95 
102 
110 

75 
83 
90 
98 
105 

71 
79 
86 
93 
100 

15 
16 
17 
18 
19 

250 
267 
283 
300 
317 

225 
240 
255 

270 

285 

205 

218 
232 
245 
259 

188 
200 
213 
225 
238 

173 

185 
196 
208 
219 

161 
171 

182 
193 
204 

150 
160 

l?i) 
180 
190 

141 

150 
159 
169 

178 

132  '  125 
141  133 
150il42 

159150 

168  158 

118 

126 
134 
142 

150 

113 

120 
128 
135 
143 

107 
114 
121 
129 
136 

20 

21 
22 
23 

24 

333 
350 
367 
383 
400 

300 
315 
330 
345 
360 

273 
286 
300 
314 
327 

250 
263 
275 

288 
300 

231 
242 

254 
265 

277 

214 

225 
236 
246 
257 

200 
210 
220 
230 
240 

188 
197 
206 
216 
225 

176 

185 
194 
203 
212 

167 
175 
183 
192 
200 

158 
165 
173 
181 
189 

150 

158 
165 
17:5 

180 

143 
150 
157 
164 
171 

25 
26 
27 
28 
29 

417 
433 
450 
467 
483 

375 
390 
405 
420 
435 

341 
355 
368 
382 
395 

313 
325 
338 
350 
363 

288 
300 
312 
323 
335 

268 
279 
289 
300 
311 

250 
260 
270 
280 

290 

234 
244 
253 
263 

272 

221 

229 
238 
247 
256 

208 
217 
225 
233 
242 

197 
205 
213 
221 

229 

188 
195 
203 
210 
218 

179 
186 
193 

200 
207 

30  500 
31  1517 
32  |533 
33  550 
34  567 

450 
465 

480 
495 
510 

409 
423 

436 
450 
464 

375 
388 
400 
413 
425 

346 
358 
369 
381 
392 

321 
332 
343 
354 
364 

300  281  265 
310  j  291  |  274 
32013001282 
330  |309  1291 
340  319  3U() 

250 
258 
267 
275 
283 

236 
244 
252 

260 

268 

225 
233 

240 
248 
255 

2U 
221 
228 
236 
243 

35  583 
36  600 
37  617 
38  633 
39  650 
40  667 
* 

525 
540 
555 
570 

585 
600 

477 
491 

505 
518 
532 
546 

438 
450 
463 
475 

488 
500 

404 
415 
427 

438 
450 
461 

375 

386 
396 
407 
418 
429 

350 
360 
370 

380 
390 
400 

328  309 
338  318 
3471326 
356!  335 
366  344 
375  353 

292;  276  263  250 
300  284  270  257 
308J292'278  264 
317  2991285  271 
325  31  )7[  293  1278 
:;:;:}  :u:>  :jou  286 
j 

-* 


THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY.        63 


STBENGTH   OF   WOODEN  BEAMS. 

The  following  table  is  calculated  for  rectangular  beams 
one  inch  thick,  and  for  different  spans  and  depth  of  beams. 

Maximum  fiber  strain  allowed,  1000  Ibs.  per  square  inch. 
Beams  to  be  braced  sideways.  For  a  factor  of  safety  of  5 
multiply  by — 

I  .o    for  ash. 

i.o    — 1.3    for  spruce. 

i .  44  —  1.8    for  white  oak. 

i.o    —  i .  12  for  white  pine. 

1.6    for  long  leaf  yellow  pine. 


Span 


DEPTH    IN    INCHES. 


8- 


feet. 

5 
6 

7 
8 
9 

6 

7 

8 

1420 
1190 
1020 

890 
790 

9 

1800 
1500 
1290 
1130 

1000 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15  16 

800 
670 
570 
500 
440 

1090 
910 

780 
680 
610 

2220 
1850 
1590 
1390 
1230 

2690 

2240 
1920 
1680 
1490 

1340 
1220 
1120 
1030 
960 

3200 
2670 
2290 
2000 

1780 

1600 
1450 
1330 
1230 
1150 

1070 
1000 
940 

890 

840 

3980 
3220 
2840 
2490 
2210 

1990 
1810 

1660 
1530 
1430 

1330 
1250 
1170 
1110 

1050 

4380 
3650 
3130 

2740 
2430 

5000 
4170 
3570 
3130 

2780 

5690 
4740 
4060 
3560 
3160 

2840 
2590 
2370 
2200 
2040 

10 
11 
12 
13 
14 

400 
360 
330 
310 
290 

270 
250 
240 
220 
210 

540 
495 
450 
420 

390 

360 
340 
320 
300 

290 

710 
650 
590 
550 

510 

480 
450 
420 
400 
380 

900 
820 
750 
690 
640 

600 
560 
530 
500 

480 

1110 

1010 

930 

860 
800 

2190 
1990 

1820 
1690 

1570 

1460 
1370 
1290 
1220 
1150 

1090 
1040 
1000 
950 
910 

2500 
2270 
2080 
1930 
1700 

1670 
1570 
1470 
1390 
1320 

1250 
1190 
1140 
1090 
1040 

15 
16 
17 
18 
19 

740 
700 
650 
620 
590 

900 
840 
790 
750 
710 

1900 
1780 
1680 
1590 
1500 

20 
21 
22 
23 

24 

200 
190 
190 
175 
167 

272 
260 
248 
237 

228 

360 
340 
325 
310 
297 

450 
430 
410 
390 

380 

560 
530 
510 

480 
460 

450 
430 
410 

400 
380 
370 

670 
640 
610 
590 
560 

800 
760 
730 
700 
670 

990 

950 
910 
870 
830 

1420 
1360 
1300 
1240 
1190 

1140 

1100 
1060 
1020 
980 
950 

—? 

25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 

160 
154 
149 
143 
138 
134 

218 

210 
202 
195 
188 
182 

285 
275 
265 
255 
246 
237 

360 
350 
330 
315 
3'  7 
297 

540 

520 
.  500 
480 
465 
450 

640 
620 
590 
570 
550 
530 

800 
770 
740 
710 
690 
660 

880 
840 
810 
780 
750 
730 

1000 
960 
930 
890 
860 
830 

64         THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY. 


COLUMNS,  POSTS   AND    STRUTS. 

THE  following  tables  of  strength  of  columns  are  calculated 
for  safe  working  strains,  and  not  for  the  ultimate  strength,  as 
it  is  of  greater  consequence  to  know  what  load  a  column  will 
support  with  safety,  than  to  know  under  what  load  it  will 
fail. 

The  first  table  is  copied  from  a  paper  read  by  Mr.  Theo- 
dore Cooper,  before  the  A.  S.  of  C.  E.,  and  it  is  based  on 
experiments  made  on  full  size  columns  at  the  Watertown 
Arsenal.  The  allowed  working  strains  are  calculated  so  that 
they  are  in  proportion  to  the  limit  of  elasticity  (0.44  of  it). 
For  posts  which  are  liable  to  be  struck  by  passing  bodies  as 
f :  i,  the  web-posts  in  through-bridges,  smaller  working  strains 
are  given. 

The  second  table  shows  strains  per  square  inch  as  allowed 
by  the  specifications  of  the  New  York,  Lake  Erie  and  Western 
Railroad,  which  have  been  adopted  by  a  great  many  roads  all 
through  the  United  States,  and  on  which  base  a  great  number 
of  structures  have  been  designed  and  executed.  The  values 
of  ratio  of  length  to  diameter  for  different  shapes  of  struts, 
are  only  approximate,  but  they  are  sufficient  for  ordinary  use. 

Both  of  these  tables  are  calculated  for  moving  loads  ;  for 
steady  loads,  as  in  buildings,  the  safe  working  strains  may 
be  increased  25  per  cent. 

The  table  of  safe  loads  on  rolled  I  beams  used  as  columns 
or  struts  is  intended  for  steady  loads  only.  Such  columns 
are  frequently  used  in  buildings,  and  give  very  satisfactory 
results  if  the  length  is  not  too  great.  If  two  I  beams,  well 
braced  together,  are  used,  they  will  carry  a  larger  load.  The 
co-efficients,  as  given  for  box  columns,  may  be  used  for  such 
columns  without  great  error. 


THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY.         65 


Plate  16  shows  sections  of  different  types  of  columns. 

Fig.  i.  Box  column,  composed  of  two  channels  and  two 
plates. 

Fig.  2.  Box  column,  composed  of  four  angle  irons  and 
four  plates. 

Fig.  3.  Open  column,  composed  of  two  channels  connected 
with  lattice  bars  or  lacing. 

Fig.  4.  Open  column,  built  of  two  plates  and  four  angle 
irons,  connected  with  lattice  bars. 

Fig.  5.  Open  column,  built  of  two  I  beams,  connected  with 
lattice  bars. 

Figs.  6  and  7.  Columns  built  of  two  C  and  one  I  beam,  or 
of  three  I  beams. 

Fig.  8.  Columns  of  similar  section ;  in  place  of  solid  rolled 
beams  and  channels,  angles  and  plates  are  used. 

Fig.  ii.  Column  consisting  of  two  plain  bars  riveted  to- 
gether with  an  I  beam. 

Fig.  12.   Plain  I  beam  used  as  column. 

Fig.  9.  Two  I  beams  connected  with  cast-iron  separators 
and  bolts  or  rivets. 

Fig.  10.  Two  channel  bars  connected  in  the  same  way. 

Fig.  1 8.  Two  flat  bars  connected  in  the  same  way. 

Fig.  13.   Open  column,  built  of  four  angle  irons,  latticed. 

Fig.  14.  Four  angles  connected  with  solid  web-plate,  or 
latticed. 

Figs.  15  and  17.  Two  T  irons  or  four  angle  irons  riveted 
together  in  star  shape. 

Fig.  1 6.  Similar  column.  The  angles  are  separated  by 
cast-iron  thimbles. 


66        THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY. 


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THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY.        67 


TABLE    OF 

ALLOWED  WORKING   STRAINS  ON 
WROUdHT-IRON   COLUMNS. 

Calculated  from  formulas  of  the  N.  Y.,  Lake  Erie,  and  W.  R.  R. 


For  Square  Ends.      Pin  and  Square  Ends. 
8,000                                 8,000 

Pin  Ends. 
8,000 

I  + 

L* 

i  + 

lies.     R 
s,  as  in 

L8 

L2 

40,000  R* 

=  length  in  inc 
For  dead  loac 

30,000  R2 

=  radius  of  g 
buildings,  allo 

'      20,000  R2 

yration  in  inches, 
w  25%  more. 

Ratio  of 
Length 
to  Rad. 
of  Gyr. 
L 

R 

Working  Strains 
per  sq.  inch. 

Ratio  of  L  to  Diameter. 

Square. 
Lbs.  per 

sq.  in. 

Pin  and 
Square. 
Lbs.  per 
sq.  in. 

Pin-     !  Phoenix 
Lbs.  per!     Col. 
sq.  in.   i 

Ameri- 
can 
Col. 

Box 
Col. 

Open 
Col. 

JL 

ir 

Col. 

30 
35 
40 
45 
50 

7,820 
7,760 
7,700 
7,620 
7,530 

7,770 

7^590 
7,500 
7,380 

7,660 

7,540 
7,410 
7,260 
7,110 

10.9 
12.8 
14.6 
16.4 

18.2 

10. 
11.7 
13.3 
15. 

16.7. 

12.3 
14.3 
16.4 

18.5 
20.5 

11.1 
13. 

14.8 
16.7 
18.6 

6.1 

7.2 
8.2 
9.2 
10.2 

55 

60 
65 
70 
75 

7,440 
7,340 
7,230 
7,130 

7,020 

7,260 
7,140 
7,010 
6,880 
6,740 

6,950 
6,780 
6,610 
6,420 
6,250 

20.0 
21.9 
23.7 
25.5 
27.3 

18.3 

20. 
21.7 
23.3 
25. 

22.6 
24.6 
26.7 

28.7 
30.8 

20.5 
22.3 
24.2 
26. 

27.8 

11.2 
12.2 
13.3 
14.3 
15.3 

80 
85 
90 
95 
100 

6,9UO 
6,780 
6,660 
6,530 
6,400 

6,590 
6,450 

6,300 
6,150 
6,000 

6,060 
5,880 
5,700 
5,510 
5,330 

29.2 
31.0 
32.8 
34.6 
36.4 

26.7 
28.3 
30.0 
31.7 
33.3 

32.8 
34.9 
36.9 
39.0 
41.0 

29.7 
31.5 
33.4 
35.2 
37.1 

16.4 
17.4 
18.4 
19.4 

20.5 

105 

no 

115 

.   120 
125 

6,270 
6,140 
6,010 

5,880 
5,750 

5,860 
5,700 
5,550 
5,410 
5,260 

5,160 

4,980 
4,820 
4,650 
4,490 

38.2 
40.0 
41.9 
43.7 
45.5 

35.0 
36.7 
38.3 
40.0 
41.7 

43.1 
45.1 
47.2 
49.2 
51.3 

39. 
40.8 
42.6 
44.5 
46.4 

21.5 
22.5 
23.5 
24.5 
25.5 

130  i  5,620 
135  1  5,500 
140  !  5,370 
145     5,240 

150     5,120 

5,120  !  4,340 
4,980  :  4,180 
4,840  !  4,040 
4,700  i  3,900 
4,570     3,770 

47.3 
.  49.2 

51.0 
52.8 
54.6 

43.3 
45.0 
46.7 
48.3 
50.0 

53.3 
55.4 
57.4 
59  5 
61.5 

48.2 
50.1 
52. 
53.9 
55.7 

26.6 
27.6 
28.6 
29.6 
30.6 

155      5,000     4,440  !  3,630 
160     4,880     4,320     3,510 

56.4  !  51.7 
58.2     53.3 

63.6 
65.6 

57.5 
59.4 

31.7 
32.7 
* 

68        THE     PASSAIC      ROLLING     MILL      COMPANY. 

S~  

TABLE  OF  SAFE  LOADS  FOB  ROLLED  X  BEAMS  USED  AS  COLUMNS  OB  STBUTS. 

Both  ends  flat  and  fixed.  Calculated  from  formula  10,000  per  sq.  inch. 
This  Table  is  to  be  used  for  dead  loads  only.  L2 
For  moving  loads  deduct  20%.  l  "»  40,000  r* 

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Depth  of  Beam. 

Wgt.  per  yd. 

Length  of  Post. 
Feet. 

— 

00  OiOrH 
rHrH 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

1 

V 


THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY.        69 

TABLE    OF    SAFE    LOADS 

FOR 

HOLLOW  CYLINDRICAL  CAST  AND 
WROUGHT    IRON    COLUMNS. 

CAST-IRON  COLUMNS,  with  factor  of  safety  6. 


Square  Bearing. 
*3333 

1.2 

1  + 


800  </* 


Pin  and  Square. 
13333 


Pin  Bearing. 
13333 

1  + 


400  d 


WROUGHT-IRON  COLUMNS,  with  factor  of  safety  4. 


Square  Bearing. 

IOOOO 


+  - 


3000^ 


Pin  and  Square. 

IOOOO 


i  + 


2000  d* 


Pin  Bearing. 

IOOOO 

T~2 

i  + 


1500  d* 


L,  length  of  columns  in  inches. 
d,  diameter  of  columns  in  inches. 

This  table  is  calculated  only  for  dead  loads.  For  moving 
loads,  deduct.  20%  for  wrought-iron  columns  and  2$%  for 
cast-iron  columns. 


CAST-IRON  COLUMNS. 
Safe  Loads,  in  Ibs.  per  D  in. 

WROUGHT-IRON  COLUMNS. 
Safe  Loads,  in  Ibs.  per  D  in. 

L 

d 

Square. 

Square 
and  Pin. 

Pin. 

L 

d 

Square* 

Square 
and  Pin. 

Pin. 

12 
15 

18 

11,300 
10,410 

9,490 

10,500 
9,380 

8,300 

9,800 
8,530 
7,370 

12 
15 

18 

9,540 
9,300 
9,020 

9,330 
8,990 
8,600 

9,125 

8,700 
8,220 

21 

24 

27 

8,600 
7,750 
6,890 

7,600 
6,410 
5,630 

6,350 
5,460 
4,730 

21 
•24 
27 

8,720 
8,390 
8,050 

8,190 
7,770 
7,320 

7,730 
7,220 
6,730 

30 
33 
36 

6,270 
5,650 
5,090 

4,960 
4,380 
3,890 

4,100 
3,580 
3,140 

30 
33 
36 

7,690 
7,320 
6,980 

6,900 
6,480 
6,070 

6,250 
5,800 
5,360 

39 

* 

3,760 

3,460 

2,780 

39 

6,640 

5,680 

4,970 

V 


70       THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY. 


TABLE    OF 

SAFE  LOADS  FOE  RECTANGULAR 
TIMBER  POSTS,  SEASONED. 

This  table  is  calculated  for  a  factor  of  safety  of  5  from  the 
following  formulas  : 


Square  Bearing. 

1  120 


Pin  and  Square 
Bearing. 


1  120 


Pin  Bearing. 

1 120 


275 


Deducted  from  Lemande's  experiments  with  posts  of 
French  oak,  and  may  be  used  for  American  white  pine  of 
best  quality. 


Ratio  of  Length 
to 
Least  Side. 

L 
d 

Safe  Loads,  in  Ibs.  per  n  inch  of  Section. 

Square  Ends. 

Square  and  Pin 
Ends. 

Pin  Ends. 
' 

•  12 
15 

18 

890 
795 

704 

804 

695 
594 

736 
616 
514 

21 
24 

27 

623 

548 

482 

509 
436 
375 

431 

362 
307 

30 
33 
36 

424 
376 
334 

324 

282 
246 

262 
226 
196 

39 
42 
45 

297 
266 
239 

218 
192 
172 

172 
152 
134 

L,  length  of  post  in  inches. 
d,  width  of  smallest  side  in  inches. 

THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY.        71 


EOOFS. 

THE  most  frequent  types  of  Roof  trusses  are  shown  in 
plates  17  and  18.  The  strains  in  the  different  members  of 
these  trusses  are  easily  found  by  the  use  of  the  following 
tables.  They  may  be  built  of  iron,  or  of  wood  and  iron  com- 
bined. If  iron  only  is  used  in  the  construction,  the  rafters 
are  made  of  two  channel-bars,  with  an  iron  cover-plate,  or 
properly  latticed  together.  This  is  the  best  mode  of  con- 
structing the  rafter.  For  smaller  spans  or  lighter  roofs  a 
single  I  beam  makes  a  good  rafter.  If  the  purlins  are  sup- 
ported only  at  the  joints,  a  T  iron  or  two  angle-irons  make  a 
satisfactory  rafter ;  but  if  the  purlins  have  to  be  carried  on 
points  between  the  joints  of  the  truss,  the  bending  strains 
produced  are  usually  too  large  to  be  carried  on  a  rafter  of 
this  cross  section.  The  bottom  end  of  the  rafters  usually  has 
a  shoe  riveted  on,  or  rests  on  a  pin  which  is  supported  by  a 
separate  shoe.  The  top  connection  of  the  two  main  rafters 
is  also  either  a  riveted  one  (the  two  rafters  being  cut  so  as  to 
bear  one  against  the  other),  or  the  connection  is  made  by 
having  both  rafters  bearing  against  a  pin.  If  the  roof  is  pin- 
connected  throughout,  the  latter  connection  at  the  peak  (with 
the  pin  simply)  is  the  better  one,  and  the  roof  is  more  easily 
erected. 

The  tension  members  are  either  flat  bars  with  forged  eyes, 
bored  for  iron  pins,  or  round  or  square  rods  with  loop- 
welded  eyes. 

The  struts  are  made  in  very  many  different  ways.  A  good 
construction  is  to  use  two  light  channel-bars  connected 
together  to  form  a  strut,  which  has  a  pin-hole  at  its  lower  end 
to  connect  with  the  bottom  chord  and  the  tension  braces. 

Sometimes  these  trusses  are  built  with  wooden  main-rafters 
and  struts.  In  this  case,  the  ends  of  these  members  are 
usually  fitted  to  cast-iron  pin-boxes,  and  the  tension  members 
constructed  in  the  same  way  as  in  all  iron  trusses. 


72       THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY. 


LOADS   ON   ROOFS  — SPANS  75   FEET   AND  LESS. 

Roof  covered  with  corrugated  iron,  unbearded .   8  Ibs.  per  D  ft. 
"          "          "  "  "      on   boards  .11"          " 

"          "          "      slate  unboarded  or  on  laths  13  " 
"          "          "        "     on  boards  i  V  thick. .  .16  "          " 

"          "          "      shingles  on  laths 10  "          " 

If  plastered  below  the  rafters  or  tie-beam,  add.  10  " 

For  the  weight  of  iron  construction,  add 4  " 

For  snow  and  wind,  add 20  " 

The  velocity  and  pressure  of  wind  against  surfaces  at  right 
angles  to  the  direction  of  the  wind  is,  as  given  by  Smeaton : 


Vel.  in  miles 
per  hour. 

Vel.  in  feet.       Pressure    per 
per  sec.           square  foot. 

10 

14.67 

0.5 

12* 

18.33 

0.78 

Fresh  breeze. 

15   . 

22. 

1.12 

20 

29.33 

2. 

25 

36.67 

3.12 

Brisk  wind. 

30 

44. 

4.5 

Strong  wind. 

40 

58.67 

8. 

High  wind. 

50 

73.33 

12.5 

Storm. 

60 

88.                 18. 

Violent  storm. 

80 

117.3               32. 

Hurricane. 

100 

146.7 

50. 

Violent  hurricane. 

It  seems  sufficient  to  calculate  for  a  wind  pressure  of  30 
Ibs.  per  square  foot ;  but,  as  the  roofs  are  built  with  a  slope 
only  that  component  of  the  30  Ibs.  which  acts  vertical  to  the 
surface  of  the  roof  comes  into  account.  In  most  cases  it 
will  be  sufficient  to  calculate  simply  for  a  load  of  20  Ibs.  per 
square  foot  for  wind  and  snow  together. 


« 


THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY. 


73 


MAXIMUM  STRAINS  IN  KING  AND 
QUEEN   ROOF   TRUSSES. 

Plate  17,  Fig.  5. 

To    find   the   maximum    strains  in    any   member  of  these 
trusses,  multiply  the  co-efficients  given  here  below. 

_  length  of  rafter 


2.   For  bo 

3.   For  in 
4.   For  ve 

Multiply 
by 

III 

1^-5 

£    1 

ttom  chord,            "          

jlined  struts,          "          
rtical  rod,               "          

depth  of  truss 
^  span  of  truss 

depth  of  truss 
length  of  strut 

length  of  rod 

x7. 
,/• 

Member. 

14            12             10 
Panel.      Panel.      Panel. 

8               6 
Panel.      Panel. 

4 
Panel. 

0  2 
2  3 
3  4 
4  5 
5  6 
6  7 

6.5 
6. 
5.5 
5. 
4.5 
4 

5.5 
5. 
4.5 
4. 
3.5 

4.5 
4. 
3.5 
3. 

3.5 
3. 
2.5 

2.5 
2. 

1.5 

y.  | 

T3     g 
§^ 

>      1     - 
£j 

H 

!S 

f, 

1 

o  r 

1;2' 

2'  3' 
3X4' 

4'  5' 
5'  6' 
6'  7' 

6.5 
6. 
5.5 
5. 
4.5 
4. 
3.5 

5.5 
5. 
4.5 
4. 
3.5 
3. 

4.5 
4. 
3.5 
3. 
2.5 

3.5 
St.- 

2.5 
2. 

¥ 

1.5 

1.5 
1. 

K 

"u  •£ 

1    c 
A,  j. 

^o 
,£ 
bi) 

-S 

1'  2 

2'  3 
3'  4 
4'  5 
5'  6 

6'  7 

0.5 
1.0 
1.5 
2.0 
2.5 
3.0 

0.5 
1.0 
1.5 
2.0 
2.5 

0.5 
1.0 
1.5 

2.0 

0.5 
1.0 
1.5 

0.5 
1.0 

0.5 

-o 
1. 

!X 
• 

1  M 

2  2' 
3  3' 

4  4/ 

5  5' 
6  6' 

7  7' 

0 
0.5 
1.0 
1.5 
2.0 
2.5 
6. 

0 
0.5 
1.0 
1.5 
2.0 
5. 

0 
0.5 
1.0 
1.5 
4. 

0 
0.5 
1.0 
3. 

0 

0.5 
2. 

0 
1. 

.• 


PASSAIC      ROLLING      MILL     COMPANY. 


MAXIMUM   STRAINS    IN    BELGIAN 
OE  FINK  ROOF   TRUSSES. 

Plate  1 8,  Figs.  I  and  2. 

To  find  the  maximum  strain  in  any  member  of  these  trusses, 
multiply  the  co-efficients  given  in  the  table  below  with  the 
panel  load. 


Ratio  of  depth        0.333 
to  length  of  span.          -£ 

0.289 

TTiV* 

0.250 

i 

0.200 
j 

0.167 
* 

0.125 

1 

Inclinat'n  of  rafters. 

41°  49' 

30° 

26°  34' 

21°  48' 

18°  26' 

14°  2' 

c/i 

at 

a 

'o 

1 

X 

II 

II 

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12 
22 

5.25 
4.50 
3.00 

6.06 
5.19 
3.46 

7.00 
6.00 
4.00 

8.75 
7.50 
5.00 

10.50 
9.00 
6.00 

14.00 
12.00 
8.00 

tl 

or 

1'2' 
2'3' 
3'4' 

6.30 
5.75 
5.20 
4.65 

7.00 
6.50 
6.00 
5.50 

7.83 

7.38 
6.93 
6.48 

9.42 
9.05 

8.68 
8.31 

11.08 
10.76 
10.45 
10.13 

14.44 
14.20 
13.95 
13.71 

Tension 

braces. 

23 
34' 
12'&32' 

1.50 
2.25 
0.75 

1.73 

2.60 

0.87 

2.00 
3.00 
1.00 

2.50 
3.75 
1.25 

3.00 
4.50 
1.50 

4.00 
6.00 
2.00 

t/; 

p 

uri 

ll'&33' 

22'' 

0.83 
1.66 

0.87 
1.73 

0.89 

1.78 

0.93 
1.86 

0.95 
1.90 

0.97 
1.94 

c/i 

(fi 

3 

Tj 

1 

^ 

Bottom 
chord. 

01 
12 

2.25 
1.50 

2.60 
1.73 

3.00 
2.00 

3.75 
2.50 

4.50 
3.00 

6.00 
4.00 

Top 
chord. 

or 

1'2' 

2.70 
2.15 

3.00 
2.50 

3.35 
2.90 

4.04 
3.67 

4.75 
4.44 

6.19 
5.95 

Rod 
strut. 

12' 

11' 

0.75 
0.83 

0.87 
0.87 

1.00 
0.89 

1.25 
0.93 

1.50 
0.95 

2.00 
0.97 

k 


THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY.       75 


MAXIMUM  STRAINS  IN  RECTANGU- 
LAR AND  TRIANGULAR  TRUSSES. 

BY  using  the  following  tables,  it  will  be  found  easy  to  de- 
termine the  maximum  strains  in  different  trusses  or  girders 
with  parallel  chords,  if  the  dead  and  moving  loads  are  given. 
In  many  cases  it  will  be  sufficient  to  consider  only  a  uniform 
dead  load  and  a  uniform  moving  load.  The  third  columns 
give  the  influence  of  a  heavier  load  in  front  of  a  uniform  load ; 
f.  i.,  a  locomotive  ahead  of  a  train  of  cars. 

The  panel  points  are  numbered,  beginning  with  o  at  the 
abutment,  those  of  the  bottom  chord  with  plain  numbers,  and 
those  of  the  top  chord  with  a  prime  ( '  ),  so  as  to  indicate  the 
position  of  the  different  members  without  its  being  necessary 
to  refer  to  the  diagram. 

In  the  calculation  of  a  double  intersection  rectangular  truss, 
it  is  necessary  to  treat  the  truss  as  a  combination  of  two  sin- 
gle intersection  trusses ;  and  if  the  number  of  panels  is  an  odd 
one,  there  exists  some  uncertainty  in  which  way  the  full  load 
is  transmitted  to  the  abutments.  Sometimes  it  is  assumed 
that  the  counter-rods  are  without  strain  under  full  load,  and 
this  gives  somewhat  smaller  strains  in  the  top  chord  and 
larger  strains  in  the  bottom  chord  than  those  given  in  the 
table. 

But  generally  the  counter-rods  are  made  adjustable,  and 
have  always  some  initial  strain,  so  that  it  is  more  consistent 
to  assume  that  the  trusses  under  full  load,  as  well  as  under 
partial  loads,  act  like  two  separate  single  intersection  trusses. 
The  difference  in  the  results  in  either  case  is  of  no  practical 
importance. 

In  calculating  these  tables,  the  loads  were  supposed  to  be 
concentrated  at  the  bottom  chord  joints  for  through-bridges, 
and  at  the  top-chord  joints  for  deck-bridges.  In  through- 
bridges,  the  strains  in  the  web-members  under  compression 
(web-posts)  obtained  this  way  should  be  increased  by  the 
weight  of  a  panel  of  top-chord  and  top-lateral  bracing. 


76        THE     PASSAIC      ROLLING     MILL      COMPANY. 


EXAMPLE   OF  APPLICATION    OF  TABLE. 

WARREN  TRUSS,  DECK  BRIDGE  WITH  INTERMEDIATE 

POSTS. 

Span,  150' ;  depth,  20'. 
Number  of  panels  10,  of  15'  each. 
Dead  load,  1,200  Ibs.  per  lin.  ft. 
Live  load,  2,400     "        "         " 

D=  Dead  load  =   9,000  Ibs.  per  panel  and  I  truss. 
L  =  Live      "    =  18,000    "       "       "        "    i     " 
E  =  Excess  of  locomotive  weight  =  10,000  Ibs.  for  I  truss. 

/=  18,000  =1>8oo 

10 
10,000 

^=_J =  1,000 

10 

Length  of  diagonal  members,  25' 

Sec.  =  £  =  ..25        Tang.  =^1=0.75 

Strain  in  middle  piece  of  bottom  chord  4-6 
12. 5  (D  +  L)  =  337,500 
5  e  =      5,000 

342,500  X  tang.  —  256,875 
Compressive  strain  in  brace,  45'. 
0.5  D   =     4,500 
15.     /    =   27,000 
5.     e    =     5,000 

36,500  X  sec.  =  45,625 

Tensile  strain  in  brace,  5'  6, 

—  0.5    D   =—4,500 

10.      /    =     18,000 

4.      e     =       4,000 

1 7,500  X  sec.  =21,875 

It  will  be  observed  that,  by  beginning  with  o  at  the  left- 
hand  abutment,  the  compression  member  45'  becomes  the 
tension  member  5'  6,  and  the  maximum  strains  change  from 
45,625  compression  to  21,875  tension.  The  strains  in  the 
other  members  are  found  in  similar  way. 


THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY. 


77 


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THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY. 


LIVE  LOADS 


MAXIMUM  STRAINS  PRODUCED  BY  DEAD 


GULAR  TRUSSES. 


TERSECTION  RECT 


DOUB 


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THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY.         79 


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80        THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY. 


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THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY.       81 


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PASSAIC      ROI.LIN'C      M  1  I,  f.     C1  n  M  ]'  A  X  Y  .        83 


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84        THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY. 


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THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY.       85 


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86        THE     PASSAIC      ROLLING     MILL      COMPANY. 


EIVETS  AND   PINS. 

IN  proportioning  riveted  work  it  is  customary  not  to  take 
into  account  the  friction  between  the  shapes  or  plates  con- 
nected. The  rivets  have  to  resist  the  whole  strain  which  has 
to  be  transmitted  from  one  part  to  the  other  by  their  resist- 
ance against  shearing.  The  bearing  surfaces  of  the  rivets 
and  of  the  connected  parts  must  be  large  enough  to  avoid 
damage  by  crushing.  Therefore,  it  will  be  always  necessary 
to  calculate  the  rivet  connections  for  shear  as  well  as  for 
bearing.  The  following  tables  give  shearing  and  bearing 
values  of  rivets  of  different  diameters  for  shearing  strains  of 
6,000  Ibs.  and  7,500  Ibs.  per  square  inch  section,  and  for 
bearing  values  of  12,000  Ibs.  and  15,000  Ibs.  per  square  inch. 
The  smaller  values  shou^  be  used  for  moving  loads,  and 
the  larger  values  may  be  used  for  steady  loads. 

Pins  are  subject  to  strains  by  shearing,  bearing,  and  bend- 
ing. The  corresponding  values  for  these  three  different 
strains  are — 

SHEARING.       BEARING.          BENDING, 

For  R.  R.  bridges  and  iron  pins     7,500        12.000        15,000 
"         "          "          "    steel  pins  11,250        18,000        22,500 

For  steady  loads  and)  iins  g 

highway  bridges  $ 


HE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY.         87 


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THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY.        89 

SHEARING  AND  BEARING  VALUE  OF  RIVETS  —  Continued. 

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90       THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY. 


IRON  EIYETS. 

Weight  per  100. 


DIAMETERS. 

Length 

Under 

[                                  j 

1 

Head. 

i 

1 

i 

f 

* 

1 

1 

1.895 

4.848 

9.66 

16.79 

26.49 

39.3 

55.2 

i 

2.007 

5.235 

10.34 

17.86 

27.99       41.4 

57.9 

2.233 

5.616 

11.04 

18.96 

29.61 

43.5 

60.7 

*   1 

2.410 

6.003 

11.73 

20.03 

31.13 

45.6 

63.4 

2.582 

6.402 

12.43 

21.04 

32.74 

47.8 

66.2 

^  | 

2.754 

6.789 

13.12 

22.11 

34.25 

49.9 

68.9 

| 

2.926 

7.179    13.81 

23.21 

35.86 

52.0 

71.7 

4     7 

g 

3.098 

7.5661  14.50 

24.28 

37.37 

54.1 

74.4 

2 

3.239 

7.956J  15.19 

25.48 

38.99 

56.3 

77.2 

'* 

3.441 
3.613 

8.343    15.88 
8.733!  16.57 

26.56 
27.65 

40.40 
42.11 

58.4 
60.5 

79.9 

82.7 

4  f 

3.785 

9.120|  17.26 

28.73 

43.67 

62.6  1     85.4 

i 

3.957 

9.511 

17.95 

29.82 

45.24 

64.8 

88.2 

5. 

8 

4.129 

9.898!  18.64 

30.90 

46.80 

66.9 

90.9 

f 

4.301 

10.29 

19.33 

31.99 

48.36 

69.0 

93.7 

1 

8 

4.473 

10.67 

20.02 

33.08 

49.92  1     71.1 

96.4 

3 

4.644 

11.06  ,  20.  71 

34.18 

51.49  !     73.3 

99.2 

i 

4.816 

11.44 

21.40 

55.27 

53.05 

75.4 

101.9 

i 

4.988 

11.84 

22.09 

36.35 

54.61 

77.5 

104.7 

a 

8 

5.160 

12.23 

22.78 

37.44 

56.17 

79.6 

107.4 

i 

2 

5.332 

12.62 

23.48 

38.52 

57.74 

81.8 

110.2 

1- 

5.504 

13.01 

24.17 

39.60 

59.30 

83.9 

112.9 

f 

5.676 

13.39 

24.86 

40.69 

60.86 

86.0  i  116.7 

7_ 

8 

5.848 

13.78 

25.55 

41.78 

62.42 

88.1  j  119.4 

4 

6.019 

14.17 

26.24 

42.87 

63.99 

90.3     121.2 

i 

6.191 

14.56 

26.93 

43.94 

65.55 

92.4     123.9 

JL 

4 

6.363 

14.95 

27.62 

45.01 

67.11 

94.5 

126.6 

100 

Heads. 

.519 

1.74 

4.14 

8.10 

13.99 

22.27 

33.15 

THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY.        91 


pp 

n 

o* 
o 


p 
o 


§ 

I  i 

P3 
o 


-Sti 


COCi        005OOOi-iJ>        00  0  04 


1C  05  00  Oi  rH  (M  CO  «  l>  1>  l^ 


«  - 

,0 


1^  l« 


sl 
J£zl 


1^1 

S'o      ^ 

"Si 

Q      D^ 


04  CM  CM  CQ  01  Oi  C^  CO        r-l 


rH  r-l  rH  r-l  T-l         rH  rH  r-l  (M  CM 


92       THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY. 

AREAS  AND' WEIGHTS  or  SQUARE  AND 
ROUND  WROU&HT-IRON  BARS. 


Thick- 
ness, 
Inches. 

D 

C 

Area. 

) 

Thick- 
ness, 
Inches. 

D 

o 

Area. 

W'ght 
per  ft. 

W'ght 
per  ft. 

Area. 

W'ght 
per  ft. 

Area. 

W'ght 
per  ft. 

0 

i* 

tV 

0.004 
.016 
.035 

0.013 
.052 
.117 

0.003 
.012 

.028 

.049 
.077 
.110 
.150 

0.010 

.041 
.092 

2 

-h 

>_* 

4.00 
4.25 
4.52 

4.78 

13.33 
14.18 
15.05 
15.95 

3.14 
3.34 
3.55 
3.76 

10.47 
11.14 
11.82 
12.53 

1* 
•A 

.062 
.098 
.141 
.191 

'  .208 
.326 
.469 
.638 

.164 

.256 
.368 
.501 

!> 

& 

5.06 
5.35 
5.64 
5.94 

16.88 
17.83 
18.80 
19.80 

3.98 
4.20 
4.43 
4.67 

13.25 
14.00 
14.77 
15.55 

*.* 

1 

tt 

.250 
.316 
.391 
.473 

.833 
1.06 
1.30 

1.58 

.196 
.248 
.307 
.371 

.654 
.828 
1.02 
1.24 

[• 

tt 

6.25 
6.57 
6.89 
7.22 

20.83 
21.89 
22  97 
24.08 

25.21 

26.37 
27.55 

28.76 

4.91 
5.16 
5.41 
5.67 

16.36 
17.19 
18.04 
18.91 

V 

zlb 

8    it 

.562 
.660 
.766 

.879 

1.87 
2.20 
2.55 
2.93 

.442 
.518 

.601 
.690 

1.47 
1.73 

2.00 
2.30 

!•« 
_fl 

7.56 
7.91 

8.27 
8.63 

5.94 
6.21 
6.49 

6.78 

19.80 

20.71 
21.64 
22.59 

1 

i* 

A 

1.00 
1.13 
1.27 
1.41 

3.33 

3.76 
4.22 

4.70 

.785 
.887 
.994 
1.110 

2.62 
2.95 
3.31 
3.69 

3 
** 

* 

9.00 
9.38 
9.77 
10.16 

30.00 
31.26 
:?2.55 
33.87 

7.07 
7.37 

7.67 

7.98 

23.56 
24.55 
25.57 
26.60 

i* 
** 

1.56 
1.72 

1.89 
2.07 

5.21 
5.74 
6.30 
6.89 

1.23 
1.35 
1.48 
1.62 

4.09 
4.51 
4.95 
5.41 

'* 

1 

A 

10.56 
10.97 
11.39 
11.82 

35.21 
36.58 
37.97 

Oi?  .  O\) 

8.30 
8.62 
8.95 

9.28 

27.65 

28.73 
29.82 
30.94 

i" 

« 

2.25 
2.44 
2.64 

2.85 

7.50 
8.14 

8.80 
9.49 

1.77 

1.92 
2.07 
2.24 

5.89 
6.39 
6.91 
7.45 

i 

rV 

8  H- 

12.25 
12.69 
13.14 
13.60 

40.83   9.6232.07 
42.  3d  9.97*33.23 
43.8010.32!34.40 
45.3310.6835.60 

3 

,*l 

"  « 

m 

3.06 
3.28 
3.52 
3.75 

10.21 
10.95 
11.72 
12.51 

2.40 

2.58 
2.76 
2.95 

8.02 
8.60 
9.20 
9.83 

.3 

;;: 

14.06 
14.53 
15.01 
15.50 

46.8811.04 
48.4511.42 
50.  05,11.79 
51.6812.18 

36.82 
38.05 
39.31 
40.59 

* 

THE 

PASSAIC 

ROLLING 

MILL 

COMPANY. 

93 

AREAS  AND  WEIGHTS  OF  SQUARE  AND 
ROUND  WROUGHT-IRON  BARS. 

(Continued.) 


rhick- 

ness, 
inches 

D 

O 

Thick- 
ness, 
nches 

D 

O 

Area. 

W'ght 
per  ft. 

Area. 

W'ght 

per  ft. 

Area. 

W'ght 
per  ft. 

Area. 

W'ght 
per  ft. 

4 

f 

-h 

16.00 
16.f>0 
17.01 
17.53 

18.06 
18.60 
19.14 
19.69 

53.3312.57 
55.0l!l2.96 
56.7213.36 
58.45ll3.77 

41.89 
43.21 
44.55 
45.91 

6 

** 
f 

36.00 
37.52 
39.06 
40.64 

120.0 
125.1 
130.2 
135.5 

28.27 
29.46 
30.68 
31.9* 

94.25 
98.2^ 
102.3 
106.4 

I* 

A 

60.21 
61.99 
63.80 
65.64 

14.19 
14.61 
15.03 
15.47 

47.29 
48.69 
50.11 
51.55 

i 

*  \ 

', 

42.25 
43.89 
45.56 

47.27 

140.8 
146.3 
151.9 
157.6 

33.18 
34.47 
35.78 
37.12 

38.48 
41.28 
44.18 
47.17 

110.6 
114.9 
119.3 
123.7 

t* 

'tt 

20.25 
20.82 
21.39 
21.97 

22.56 
23.16 
23.77 
24.38 

67.50 
69.39 
71.30 
73.24 

15.90 
16.35 
16.80 
17.26 

53.01 

54.50 
56.00 
57.52 

7 

i. 

\  * 

49.00 
52.56 
56.25 
60.  06 

163.3 
175.2 

187.5 
200.2 

128.3 
137.6 
147.3 
157.2 

v 

1  ti 

v-> 

75.21 

77.20 
79.22 
81.26 

17.72 
18.19 
18.66 
19.15 

19.63 
20.13 
20.63 
21.13 

59.07 
60.63 
62.22 

53.82 

8 

•1 

64.00 
68.06 
72.25 
76.56 

213.3 
226.9 
240.8 
255.2 

50.26 
53.46 
56.74 
60-13 

63.62 

67.20 
70.88 
74.66 

167.6 

178.2 
189.2 
200.4 

5 

.; 

1  6 

25.00 
25.63 
26.27 
26.91 

83.33 
85.43 

87.55 
89.70 

65.45 
67.10 
68.76 
70.45 

72.16 
73.89 
75.64 
77.40 

9 

t| 

10 

4 

s 

81.00 
85.56 
90.25 
95.06 

270.0 
285.2 
300.8 
316.9 

212.1 

224.0 
236.3 

248.9 

.4 

/ff 

8 
.7 

1  'i 

27.56 

28.22 
28.89 
29.57 

91.88 
94.08 
96.30 
98,55 

21.65 
22.17 

22.69 
23.22 

100.00 
105.06 
110.25 
115.56 

333.3 
350.2 
367.5 
385.2 

78.54 
82.52 
86.59 
90.76 

261.8 
275.1 

288.6 
302.5 

i 

»* 

u 

30.25 
30.94 
31.64 
32.35 

100.8 
103.1 
105.5 
107.8 

23.76 
24.30 
24.85 
25.41 

79.19 

81.00 

82.83 
84.69 

11 

3. 

4 

121.00 
126.56 
132.25 

138.06 

403.3 
421.9 

440.8 
460.2 

95.03 
99.40 
103.87 

108.43 

316.8 
331.3 
346.2 
361.4 

.1 

*ls 

H 

is  — 

33.06110.2 
33.78112.6 
34.521  115.1 
35.25117.5 

25.97 
26.53 
27.11 

27.69 

86.56 
88.45 
90.36 
92.29 

12 

144.0 

480.0 

113.1 

377.0 
i 

94       THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY. 

AREAS  OF  FLAT  EOLLED  IRON. 

Thickness 
in  Inches. 

i" 

ii" 

U" 

If" 

2" 

2{" 

2i" 

2*" 

3" 

** 
** 

.063 
.125 

.188 
.250 

.313 
.375 

.438 
.506 

.078 
.156 
.234 
.313 

.391 
.469 
.547 
.625 

.094 
.188 
.281 
.375 

.109 
.219 
.328 
.438 

.125 

.250 
.375 
.500 

.141 

.281 
.422 
.563 

.156 
.313 

.469 
.625 

.172 
.344 
.516 

.688 

.188 
.375 
.563 
.750 

I  * 
i'A 

.469 
.563 
.656 
.750 

.547 
,656 
.766 

.875 

.625 

.750 
.875 
1.00 

.703 
.844 
.984 
1.13 

.781 
.938 
.09 
.25 

.859 
1.03 
1.20 
1.38 

.938 
1.13 
1.31 
1.50 

t  * 

;u 

.563 
.625 

.688 
.750 

.703 

.781 
.859 
.938 

1.02 
1.09 
1.17 
1.25 

.844 
.938 
1.03 
1.13 

.984 
1.09 
1.20 
1.31 

.13 

.25 

.38 
.50 

1.27 
1.41 
1.55 
1.69 

.41 

.56 

.72 

1.88 

1.55 
1.72 
1.89 

2.06 

1.69 

1.88 
2.06 
2.25 

li- 
it 

.813 

.875 
.938 
1.00 

1.22 
1.31 
1.41 
1.50 

1.42 
1.53 
1.64 
1.75 

.63 

.75 
.88 
2.00 

1.83 
1.97 
2.11 

2.25 

2.03 
2.19 
2.34 
2.50 

2.23 
2.41 

2.58 
2.75 

2.44 

2.03 

2.81 
3.00 

U1* 

u1A 

1.06 
1.13 
1.19 
1.25 

1.33 
1.41 
1.48 
1.56 

1.59 
1.69 

1.78 
1.88 

1.86 
1.97 

2.08 
2.19 

2.13 
2.25 
2.38 
2.50 

2.39 
2.53 
2.67 
2.81 

2.66 
2.81 
2.97 
3.13 

2.92 
3.09 
3.27 
3.44 

3.19 
3.38 
3.56 
3.75 

u1* 

U1* 

1.31 
1.33 
1.44 
1.50 

1.64 
1.72 

1.80 

1.88 

1.97 

2.06 
2.16 
2.25 

2.30 
2.41 
2.52 
2.63 

2.63 
2.75 

2.88 
3.00 

2.95 
3.09 
3.25 
3.38 

3.28 
3.44 
3.59 
3.75 

3.61 
3.78 
3.95 
4.13 

3.94 
4.13 
4.31 
4.50 

H1* 

1^ 

1.56 
1.63 
1.69 
1.75 

1.81 

1.88 
1.94 
2.00 

1.95 
2.03 
2.11 
2.19 

2.34 
2.44 
2.53 
2.63 

2.73 

2.84 
2.95 
3.06 

3.13 
3.25 
3.38 
3.50 

3.52 
3.66 
3.80 
3.94 

3.91 

4.06 
4.22 
4.38 

4.30 
4.47 
4.G4 
4.81 

4.69 

4.88 
5.06 
5.25 

iw 

SIH 

2.27 
2.34 
2.42 
2.50 

2.72 

2.81 
2.91 
3.00 

3.17 

3.28 
3.39 
3.50 

3.63 
3.75 

3.88 
4.00 

4.08 
4.22 
4.36 
4.50 

4.53 
4.69 

4.84 
5.00 

4.98 
5.16 
5.33 
5.50 

5.44 
5.63 

5.81 
6.00 

THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY. 


95 


AREAS  OF  FLAT  ROLLED   IRON. 

(Continued. ) 


Thickness 
in  Inches. 

3±" 

4" 

4f" 

5" 

6" 

7" 

8" 

9" 

10" 

ft 

.219 

.250 

.281 

.313 

.375 

.438 

.500 

.563 

.625 

1 

.438 

.500 

.563 

.625 

.750 

.875 

1.00 

1.13 

1.25 

ft 

.656 

.750 

.844 

.938 

1.13 

1.31 

1.50 

1.69 

1.88 

i 

.875 

1.00 

1.13 

1.25 

1.50 

1.75 

2.00 

2.25 

2.50 

A 

1.09 

1.25 

1.41 

1.56 

1.88 

2.19 

2.50 

2.81 

3.13 

1.31 

1.50 

1.69 

1.88 

2.25 

2.63 

3.00 

3.38 

3.75 

TV 

1.53 

1.75 

1.97 

2.19 

2.63 

3.06 

3.50 

3.94 

4.38 

±->             1.75 

2.00 

2.25 

2.50 

3.00 

3.50 

4.00 

4.50 

5.00 

ft   |l-97 

2.25 

2.53 

2.81 

3.38 

3.94 

4.50 

5.06 

5.63 

2.19 

2.50 

2.81- 

3.13 

3.75 

4.38 

5.00 

5.63 

6.25 

•H     2.41 

2.75 

3.09 

3.44 

4.13 

4.81 

5.50 

6.19 

6.88 

2           |2.63 

3.00 

3.38 

3.75 

4.50 

5.25 

6.00 

6.75 

7.50 

.1  .; 

2.84 

3.25 

3.66 

4.06 

4.88 

5.69 

6.50 

7.31 

8.13 

3.06 

3.50 

3.94 

4.38 

5.25 

6.13 

7.00 

7.83 

8.75 

tt 

3.28 

3.75 

4.22 

4.69 

5.63 

6.56 

7.50 

8.44 

9.38 

3.50 

4.00 

4.50 

5.00 

6.00 

7.00 

8.00 

9.00 

10.00 

5 

3.72 

4.25 

4.78 

5.31 

6.38 

7.44 

8.50 

9.56 

10.63 

H 

3.94 

4.50 

5.06 

5.63 

6J5 

7.88 

9.00 

10.13 

11.25 

.   ift 

4.16 

4.75 

5.34 

5.94 

7.13 

8.31 

9.50 

10.69 

11.88 

li-           4.38 

5.00 

5.63 

6.25 

7.50 

8.75 

10.00 

11.25 

12.50 

ift 

4.59 

5.25 

5.91 

6.56 

7.88 

9.19 

10.50 

11.81 

13.13 

li 

4.81 

5.50 

6.19 

6.88 

8.25 

9.63 

11.00 

12.38 

13.75 

1ft 

5.03 

5.75 

6.47 

7.19 

8.6310.06 

11.50 

12.94 

14.38 

li 

5.25 

6.00 

6.75 

7.50 

9.0010.50 

12.00 

13.50 

15.00 

ift 

5.47 

6.25   7.03    7.81 

9.38]l0.94 

12.50 

14.06 

15  '.63 

If 

5.69 

6.50 

7.31 

8.13 

9.7511.38 

13.00 

14.63 

16.25 

1H 

5.91 

6.75 

7.59    8.44 

10.13jll.81 

13.50 

15.19 

16.88 

ii 

6.13 

7.00 

7.88    8.75 

10.  50112.  25 

14.00 

15.75 

17.50 

lit     6.34 

7.25 

8.16 

9.06 

10.8812.6914.50 

16.31 

18.13 

H 

6.56 

7.50 

8.44 

9.38 

11.  25!  13.  13  15.  00 

16.88 

18.75 

lit 

6.78 

7.75 

8.72 

9.69 

11.  63!  13.  56  15.  50 

17.44 

19.38 

2 

7.00 

8.00 

9.00  10.00 

12.  00  14.  00!  16.  00 

18.00 

20.00 

96       THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY. 


WEIGHTS   OF  FLAT  ROLLED   IRON, 
PER  LINEAL   FOOT. 

Iron  Weighing  480  Lbs.  per  Cubic  Foot. 


Thickness 
in  Inches. 


*i 
t  ™ 

1" 

u" 

U" 

If" 

2" 

sr  2*" 

2f 

3" 

.208 
.417 
.625 
.833 

.260 
.521 

.781 
1.04 

.31 
.62 
.94 
1.25 

.36 
.73 
1.09 
1.46 

.42 
.83 
1.25 
1.67 

.47 
.94 
1.41 

1.88 

.52 
1.04 
1.56 

2.08 

.57 
1.15 
1.72 
2.29 

0.62 
1.25 

1.88 
2.50 

i* 

i  ^ 

7^ 

I      H 

1.04 
1.25 
1.46 
1.67 

1.30 
1.56 
1.82 

2.08 

1.56 

1.88 
2.19 
2.50 

1.82 
2.19 
2.55 
2.92 

2.08 
2.50 
2.92 
3.33 

2.34 

2.81 
3.28 
3.75 

2.60 
3.13 
3.65 
4.17 

2.86 
3.44 
4.01 

4.58 

3.13J 

3.75| 
4.38! 
5.00! 

1.88 
2.08 
2.29 
2.50 

2.34 
2.60 
2.86 
3.13 

2.81 
3.13 
3.44 
3.75 

3.28 
3.65 
4.01 
4.38 

3.75 
4.17 

4.58 
5.00 

5.42 
5.83 
6.25 
6.67 

4.22 
4.69 
5.16 
5.63 

4.69 
5.21 
5.73 
6.25 

5.16 
5.73 
6.30 

6.88 

5.63 

6.25 
6.88! 
7.50 

8.13 

8.75 
9.38 
10.00 

H 

I  " 

•c 

H 

^C 

f 

^ 

2.71 
2.92 
3.13 
3.33 

3.39 
3.65 
3.91 
4.17 

4.06 
4.38 
4.69 
5.00 

4.74 
5.10 
5.47 
5.83 

6.09 
6.56 
7.03 

7.50 

6.77 
7.29 

7.81 
8.33 

7.45 
8.02 
8.59 
9.17 

3.54 
3.75 
3.96 
4.17 

4.43 
4.69 
4.95 
5.21 

5.31 
5.63 
5.94 
6.25 

6.56 
6.88 
7,19 
7.50 

6.20 
6.56 
6.93 
7.29 

7.08 
7.50 
7.92 
8.33 

7.97 

8.44 
8.91 
9.38 

8.85 
9.38 
9.90 
10.42 

9.74 
10.31 
10.89 
11.46 

10.63 
11.25 
11.88 
12.50 

4.37 

4.58 
4.79 
5.00 

5.47 
5.73 
5.99 
6.25 

7.66 
8.02 
8.39 

8.75 

8.75   9.84 
9.1710.31 
9.58)10.78 
10.0011.25 

10.94 
11.46 
11.98 

12.50 

12.03 
12.60 
13.18 
13.75 

13.13 

13.75 
14.38 
15.00 

5.21 
5.42 
5.63 
5.83 

6.51 

6.77 
7.03 
7.29 

7.81    9.11 
8.13   9.48 
8.44!  9.84 
8.7510.2J 

10.4211.72 
10.8312.19 
11.2512.66 
11.6713.13 

13.0214.32  15.63 
13.5414.9016.25 
14.0615.47  16.88 
14.  58^6.  04(17.50 

lit 

11 

2iH- 

Of 

6.04 
6.25 
6.46 
6.67 

7.55 

7.81 
8.07 
8.33 

9.0610.57 
9.38)10.94 

9.6911.30 
10.0011.67 

12.  08|  13.  59 
12.5014.06 
12.9214.53 
13.3315.00 

15.1016.61 
15.6317.19 
16.1517.76 
16.6718.33 

18.13 

18.75: 
19.38 
20  .  00 

i 

•is 


THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY.          97 

WEIGHTS  OF  FLAT  ROLLED  IRON, 
PER  LINEAL   FOOT. 

Iron  Weighing  480  Lbs.  per  Cubic  Foot. 

Thickness 
in  Inches. 

8*" 

4" 

w 

5" 

6" 

7" 

8" 

9" 

10" 

-h 
ft 

~4 

0.73 
1.46 
2.19 
2.92 

0.83 
1.67 
2.50 
3.33 

0.94 

1.88 
2.81 
3.75 

1.04 
2.08 
3.13 
4.17 

1.25 

2.50 
3.75 
5.00 

1.46 
2.92 
4.38 

5.83 

1.67 
3.33 
5.00 
6.67 

1.88 
3.75 
5.63 
7.50 

2.08 
4.17 
6.25 
8.33 

,        * 

1         ^ 

3.65 
4.38 
5.10 
5.83 

4.17 

5.00 
5.83 
6.67 

4.69   5.21 
5.63   6.25 
6.561  7.29 
7.50   8.33 

6.25 
7.50 

8.75 
10.00 

7.29 
8.75 
10.21 
11.67 

8.33 
10.00 
11.67 
13.33 

9.38 
11.25 
13.13 
15.00 

10.42 
12.50 
14.58 
16.67 

ft 

f 

H 

6.56 
7.29 

8.02 

8.75 

7.50 
8.33 
9.17 
10.00 

8.44   9.38 
9.3810.42 
10.3111.46 
11.2512.50 

11.25 
12.50 
13.75 
15.00 

13.13 
14.58 
16.04 

17.50 

15.00 
16.67 
18.33 
20.00 

16.88 
18.75 
20.63 
22.50 

18.75 
20.83 
22.92 
25.00 

s 

!_? 

9.48 
10.21 
10.94 
11.67 

10.83 
11.67 
12.50 
13.33 

12.1913.54 
13.1314.58 
14.0615.63 
15.0016.67 

16.25 

17.50 
18.75 
20.00 

18.96 
20.42 

21.88 
23.33 

21.67 
23.33 
25.00 
26.67 

24.38 
26.25 
28.13 
30.00 

27.08 
29.17 
31.25 
33.33 

u1* 
i* 

u 

12.40 
13.13 
13.85 
14.58 

14.17 
15.00 
15.83 
16.67 

15.  94l  17.  71 

16.8818.75 
17.8119.79 
18.7520.83 

21.25 

22.50 
23.75 
25.00 

24.79 
26.25 
27.71 
29.17 

28.33 
30.00 
31.67 
33.33 

31.88 
33.75 
35.63 
37.50 

35.42 

37.50 
39.58 
41.67 

I* 

l! 

l*1* 

15.31 
16.04 
16.77 
17.50 

17.50 
18.33 
19.17 

20.00 

19.69 
20.63 
21.56 

22.50 

21.88 
22.92 
23.96 
25.00 

26.25 
27.50 

28.75 
30.00 

30.62 
32.08 
33.54 
35.00 

35.00 
36.67 
38.33 
40.00 

39.38 
41.25 
43.13 
45.0d 

43.75 
45.83 
47.92 
50.00 

I* 

1^ 

18.23 
18.96 
19.69 
20.42 

20.83 
21.67 
22.50 
23.33 

23.44 
24.38 
25.31 
26.25 

26.04 

27.08 
28.13 
29.17 

31.2536.46 
32.5037.92 
33.7539.38 
35.0040.83 

41.67 
43.33 

45.00 
46.67 

46.88 
48.75 
50.63 
52.50 

52.08 
54.17 
56.25 
58.33 

U* 

a™ 

^ 

21.15 

21.88 
22.60 
23.33 

24.17 

25.00 
25.83 
26.67 

27.  19!  30.  21 
28.1331.25 
29.0632.29 
30.0033.33 

36.25 
37.50 
38.75 
40.00 

42.29 
43.75 
45.21 
46.67 

48.33 
50.00 
51.67 
53.33 

54.38 
56.25 
58.13 
60.00 

60.42 
62.50 
64.58 
66.67 

-  a 

98 


THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY. 


WEIGHTS  OF  PLATE  IKON,  PEE  LINEAL  FOOT 


00 


CO 


o> 


00 


CO 


o 


§§?§ 

tO  O  tO  O 
rH  rH  CO 


i>  tO  CO  rH 

•*<  o£  •<*  oi 


CO  uO  TO  O 
rH  1>  CO  O 


8888     88§8 


tO  O  tO  O 
CO  i>  i>  00 
O  CS  00  t>.~ 

CO  O  GO  CO 


O5  C5  00  00 


CO  CO  O  CO 
COCO  O  CO 


-8 


00 
CO 


CO     I    CO  rH  tO 

iO     I    O  CO  CO 


CO  ^f  ^t1  uO 


Ci  CO  l>.  rH 

rH  (M!  OJ  CO 


00  CJ  CO  O 
rH  OJ  (D  CO 


rH  O  CS  -^T 
J>  CQ  l^  CO 


CO  CO  CO  O 

00  ^f  C5  tO 


COCO  O  t^ 

C5  00  t*  CO 


OJ  »O  GO  O 


050  OS  CO 


CO 
CO 


CO  O 
rt  O 


CO  CO  CO  CO     I    CO 


S8S8  IS8S8 


rH  CO  CO  CO 
CO  05  CO  CO 


ssss 


•8 


THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY.        99 


IGHTS  OF  PLATE  IEON,  PEE  LINEAL  FOOT 


00 


a* 


i 


Thickness 
in  Inches. 


§'  W  Tf 
b-OO 


lOO  lO  O 


en  o  w 

0  ^  CO 


ot-coo 

»O  CO  00  O 
0  r-l  OJ  •<* 


rH  CM  CM  CO 

»>1  oi  *-*  co 

Lc  CO  00  Ci 


1>  CO  0  J> 


lO 
CO 


O  rH  rH 
-^  COTf 


j>  o  co  co 

i-HO  COCO 


00 
00 


S8§ 


>O 
CM 


o  co  CQ  ci> 


^P  !MCOO 
1>     •     . 

•  rf  Tf  o 

COOi-H  W 


•rj*  GO  CM  1> 
CO  ^P  lO  CD 


O  O  O  O     I 

d8Si 


CO  1>  uO  CO 
O  T-H  t>-  CO 


rf  Oi  i^  rf 

00  O  T-H  CO 


"O^ss 


CO  CO  O 


o  o  o  o 


CMOOJO          rHl>.COO 
rH  rH  C^l          CO  CO  ^T  O 


00  CO  1>      I    rH  O  O5  ••* 
O  rH  T-H         CM  CM  CM  CO 


CO  CM  1>  CO 


(fc  O5  T^l  i-H 


81?  81" 


i>  1>  00  O5 


0500  GO  i> 

Oi  O  GO  CO 
OrH  rH  CM 
_rH  rH  rH  rH' 

SUpr 

£SS§ 


»O  CO  rH  O      I 
1>00  O50 

flil'i 


oOrH 

Oi    Ci    T-H    T—  1 


sail 


O  iO  O 
O  1>  O 


GO  00  O5  rH 


•^  o  co  < 

lO  CO  CO 


100     THE     PASSAIC      ROLLING     MILL      COMPANY. 

WEIGHT  PEE  SQUARE  FOOT  or  SHEETS  OF 

WROUGHT  IKON,  STEEL,  COPPER, 

AND  BRASS. 

THICKNESS    BY   BIRMINGHAM    GAUGE. 

No.  of 
Gauge. 

Thickness 
in  Inches. 

Iron. 

Steel. 

Copper.               Brass. 

0000          .454 

18.22 

18.46 

20.57           19.43 

uoo 

.425 

17.05 

17.28 

19.25           18.19 

00 

.38 

15.25 

15.45 

17.21 

16.26 

0 

.34 

13.64 

13.82 

15.40 

14.55 

1 

.3 

12.04 

12.20 

13.59 

12.84 

2 

.284 

11.40 

11.55 

12.87 

12.16 

3 

.259 

10.39 

10.53 

11.73 

11.09 

4 

.238 

9.55 

9.68 

10.78 

10.19 

5 

.22 

8.83 

8.95 

9.97 

9.42 

6 

.203 

8.15 

8.25 

9.20 

8.69 

7 

.18 

7.22 

7.32 

8.15 

7.70 

8 

.165 

6.62 

6.71 

7.47 

7.06 

9 

.148 

5.94 

6.02             6.70 

6.33 

10 

.134 

5-38 

5.45             6.07 

5.74 

11 

.12 

4.82 

4.88             5.44 

5.14 

12 

.109 

4.37 

4.43             4.94             4.67 

13 

.095 

3.81 

3.86             4.30 

4.07 

14 

.083 

3.33 

3.37             3.76 

3.55 

15 

.072 

2.89 

2.93             3.26 

3.08 

16 

.065 

2.61 

2.64             2.94             2-78 

17 

.058 

2-33 

2.36             2.63             2.48 

18 

.049 

1.97 

1.99             2.22             2.10 

19 

.042 

1.69 

1.71             1.90             1.80 

20 

.035 

1.40 

1.42             1.59             1.50 

21 

.032 

1.28 

1.30             1.45             1.37 

22 

.028 

1.12 

1.14             1.27 

1.20 

23 

.025 

l.CO 

1.02             1.13 

1.07 

24 

.022 

.883 

.895           1.00               .942 

25 

.02 

.803 

.813              .906              .856 

26 

.018 

.722              .732 

.815 

.770 

27 

.016 

.642              .651 

.725 

.685 

28 

.014 

.562     i         .569 

.634 

.599 

29 

.013 

.522     •         .529 

.589 

.556 

30 

.012 

.482     l         .488     ;         .544 

.514 

31 

.01                 .401              .407              .453 

.428 

32 

.009               .361     !         .366 

.408 

.385 

33 

.008               .321              .325 

.362 

.342 

34 

.007                .281 

.285 

.317 

.300 

35 

.005 

.201 

.203 

.227 

.214 

Specific  Gravity  .  . 

7.704 

7.806 

8.698 

8.218 

Weight  Cubic  ft.  . 

481.25 

487.75 

543.6 

513.6 

Weight  Cubic  in. 

.2787 

.2823 

.3146 

.2972 

I 

THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY.     101 


WEIGHT  PER  SQUARE  FOOT  OF  SHEETS  OF 

WROUGHT  IRON,  STEEL,  COPPER, 

AND  BRASS. 


THICKNESS    BY   AMERICAN   GAUGE. 


No.  of 
Gauge. 

Thickness 
in  Inches. 

Iron. 

Steel. 

Copper. 

Brass. 

0000 

.46 

18.46 

18.70 

20.84 

'19.69 

000 

.4096 

16.44 

16.66 

18.56 

17.53 

00 

.3648 

14.64 

14.83 

16.53 

15.61 

0 

.3249 

13.04 

13.21 

14.72 

13.90 

1 

.2893 

11.61 

11.76 

13.11 

12.38 

2 

.2576 

10.34 

10.48 

11.67 

11.03 

3 

.2294 

9.21 

9.33 

10.39 

9.82 

4 

.2043 

8.20 

8.31 

9.26 

8.74 

5 

.1819 

7.30 

7.40 

8.24 

7.79 

6 

.1620 

6.50 

6.59 

7.34 

6.93 

7 

.1443 

5.79 

5.87 

6.54 

6.18 

8 

.1285 

5.16 

5.22 

5.82 

5.50 

9 

.1144 

4.59 

4.65 

5.18 

4.90 

10 

.1019 

4.09 

4.14 

4.62 

4.36 

11 

.0907 

3.64 

3-69 

4.11 

3.88 

12 

.0808 

3.24 

3.29 

3.66 

3.46 

13 

.0720 

2.89 

2.93 

3.26 

3.08 

14 

.0641 

2.57 

2.61 

2.90 

2.74 

15 

.0571 

2.29 

2.32 

2.59 

2.44 

16 

.0508 

2.04 

2.07 

2.30 

2.18 

17 

.0453 

1.82 

.84 

2.05 

1.94 

18 

.0403 

1.62 

.64 

1.83 

1.73 

19 

.0359 

1.44 

.46 

1.63 

1.54 

20 

.0320 

1.28 

.30 

1.45 

1.37 

21 

.0285 

1.14 

.16 

1  29 

1.22 

22 

.0253 

1.02 

.03 

1.15 

1.08 

23 

.0226 

.906 

.918 

1.02 

.966 

24 

.0201 

.807 

.817 

.911 

.860 

25 

.0179 

.718 

.728 

.811 

.766 

26 

.0159 

.640 

.648 

.722 

.682 

27. 

.0142 

.570 

.577 

.643 

.608 

28 

.0126 

.507 

.514 

.573 

.541 

29 

.0113 

.452 

.458 

.510 

.482 

30 

.0100 

.402 

.408 

.454 

.429 

31 

.0089 

.358 

.363 

.404 

.382 

32 

.0080 

.319 

.323 

.360 

.340 

33 

.0071 

.284 

.288 

.321 

.303 

34 

.0063 

.253 

.256 

.286 

.270 

35 

.0056 

.225 

.228 

.254 

.240 

As  there  are  many  gauges  in  use  differing  from  each  other,  and  even  the 
thicknesses  of  a  certain  specified  gauge,  as  the  Birmingham,  are  not  assum- 
ed the  same  by  all  manufacturers,  orders  for  sheets  and  wire  should  always 
state  the  weight  per  n  foot  or  the  thickness  in  thousandths  of  an  inch. 


102       THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY. 


DIFFEEENT  STANDARDS  FOR  WIRE 
GlAUdE  IN  USE  IN  THE  TJ.  S. 

DIMENSIONS    IN   DECIMAL   PARTS   OF   AN    INCH. 


Number 
of 
Wire 
Gauge. 

American,  or     Birm- 
Brown        ingham, 
&                  or 
Sharpe.         Stubs'. 

Washburn 
&  Moen 
Mnfg.  Co., 
Worcester, 
Mass. 

Trenton 
Iron  Co., 
Trenton, 
N.J. 

G.  W. 

Prentiss, 
Holyoke, 
Mass. 

Old 
English, 
from  Brass 
Mfrs.  List. 

000000 

.46 

OGOOO 

.43 

.45 

0000 

.46 

.454 

.393 

.4 

000 

.40964 

.425 

.362 

.36 

.3586 

00 

.3648 

.38 

.331 

.33 

.3282 

0 

.32495 

.34 

.307 

.305 

.2994 

1 

.2893 

.3 

.283 

.285 

.2777 

2 

.25763 

.284 

.263 

.265 

.2591 

3 

.22942 

.259 

.244 

.245 

.2401 

4 

.20431 

.238 

.225 

.225 

.223 

5 

.18194 

.22 

.207 

.205 

.2047 

6 

.16-202 

.203 

.192 

.19 

.1885 

7 

.14428 

.18 

.177 

.175 

.1758 

8 

.12849 

.165 

.162 

.16 

.1605 

9 

.11443 

.148 

.148 

.   .145 

.1471 

10 

.10189 

.134 

.135 

.13 

.1351 

11 

.090742 

.12 

.12 

.1175 

.1205 

12 

.080808 

.109 

.105 

.105 

.1065 

13 

.071961 

.095 

.092 

.0925 

.0928  i 

14 

.064084 

.083 

.08 

.08 

.0816  !  .083 

15 

.057068 

.072 

.072 

.07 

.0726     .072 

16 

.05082 

.065 

.063 

.061 

.0627     .065 

17 

.045257 

.058 

.054 

.0525 

.0546     .058 

18 

.040303 

.049 

.047 

.045 

.0478  :  .049 

19 

.03539 

.042 

.041 

.039 

.0411  j  .04 

20 

.031961 

.035 

.035 

.034 

.0351     .035 

21 

.028462 

.032 

.032 

.03 

.0321     .0315 

22 

.025347 

.028 

.028 

.027 

.029       .0295 

23 

.022571 

.025 

.025 

.024 

.0261  !  .027 

24 

.0201 

.022 

.023 

.0215 

.0231  i  .025 

25 

.0179 

.02 

.02 

.019 

.0212     .023 

26 

.01594 

.018 

.018 

.018 

.0194  1  .0205 

27 

.014195 

.016 

.017 

.017 

.018-2  !  .01875 

28 

.012641 

.014 

.016 

.016 

.017 

.0165 

29 

.011257 

.013 

.015 

.015 

.0163 

.0155 

30 

.010025 

.012 

.014 

.014 

.0156     .01375 

31 

.008928 

.01          .0135 

.013 

.0146     .01225 

32 

.00795 

.009 

.013 

.012 

.0136  i  .01125 

33 

.00708 

.008 

.011 

.011 

.013       .01025 

34 

.006304 

.007 

.01 

.01 

.0118     .0095 

35 

.005614 

.005 

.0095 

.009 

.0109  i  .009 

1 

1 

THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY.       103 


GALVANIZED  AND  BLACK  IRON. 

Weight  in  Pounds  per  Square  Foot  of  Galvanized 
Sheet  Iron,  both  Flat  and  Corrugated. 

The  numbers  and  thicknesses  are  those  of  the  iron  before  it 
is  galvanized.  When  a  flat  sheet  (the  ordinary  size  of  which 
is  from  2  to  2^  feet  in  width,  by  6  to  8  feet  in  length)  is 
converted  into  a  corrugated  one,  with  corrugations  5  inches 
wide  from  center  to  center,  and  about  an  inch  deep  (the  com- 
mon sizes),  its  width  is  thereby  reduced  about  yjyth  part,  or 
from  30  to  27  inches ;  and  consequently  the  weight  per  square, 
foot  of  area  'covered  is  increased  about  ^th  part.  When 
the  corrugated  sheets  are  laid  upon  a  roof,  the  overlapping 
of  about  2.y2  inches  along  their  sides,  and  of  four  inches  along 
their  ends,  diminishes  the  covered  area  about  yth  part  more ; 
making  their  weight  per  square  foot  of  roof  about  ^th  part 
greater  than  before.  Or  the  weight  of  corrugated  iron  per 
square  foot,  in  place  on  a  roof,  is  about  l/z  greater  than  that  of 
the  flat  sheets  of  above  sizes  of  which  it  is  made. 


Number 
\.v 

BLACK. 

GALVANIZED. 

oy 
Birmingham 
Wire  Gauge. 

Thickness 
in  inches. 

Flat. 
Lbs. 

Flat. 
Lbs. 

Corrugated. 
Lbs. 

3or.  on  Roof. 
Lbs. 

30 

.012 

.485 

.806 

.896 

1.08 

29 

.013 

.526 

.857 

.952 

1.14 

28 

.014 

.565 

.897 

.997 

1.20 

27 

.016 

.646 

.978 

1.09 

r.so 

26 

.018 

.722 

1.06 

1.18 

1.41 

25 

.020 

.808 

1.14 

1.27 

1.52 

24 

.022 

.889       1.22 

1.36 

1.62 

23 

.025 

1.01 

1.34 

1.49 

1.79 

22 

.028 

1.13 

1.46 

1.62 

1.95 

21 

.032 

1.29 

1.63 

1.81 

2.17 

20 

.035 

1.41 

1.75 

1.94 

2.33 

19 

.042 

1.69 

2  03 

2.26 

2,71 

18 

.049 

1.98 

2.32 

2.58 

3.09 

17 

.058 

2.34 

2.68 

2.98 

3.57 

16 

.065 

2.63 

2.9B 

3.29 

3.95 

15 

.072 

2.91 

3.25 

3.61 

4.33 

14 

.033 

3.36 

3.69 

4.10 

4.92 

13 

.095 

3.84 

4.18 

4.64 

5.57 

NOTE.  —  The  galvanizing  of  sheet  iron  adds  about  one-third  of  a  pound 
to  its  weight  per  square  foot. 

104     THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY. 


WIRE — IKON,   STEEL,   COPPEK,   BRASS. 

Weight  of  100  Feet  in  Pounds. 


BIRMINGHAM    WIRE    GAUGE. 


No.  of 
Gauge. 

PER    LINEAL    FOOT. 

Iron. 

Steel. 

Copper. 

Brass. 

0000 

54.62 

55.13 

62.39 

58.93 

000 

47.86 

48.32 

54.67 

51.64 

00 

38.27 

38.63 

43.71 

41.28 

0               30.63 

30.92 

34.99 

33.05 

j 

23.85 

24.07 

27.24 

25.73 

2 

21.37 

21.57 

24.41 

23.06 

3               17.78 

17.94 

20.3 

19.18 

4 

15.01 

15.15 

17.15 

16.19 

5 

12.82 

12.95 

14.65 

13.84 

6 

10.92 

11.02 

12.47 

11.78 

7 

8.586 

8.667 

9.807 

9.263 

8 

7.214 

7.283 

8.241 

7.783 

9 

5.805 

5.859 

6.63 

6.262 

10 

4.758 

4.803 

5.435 

5-133 

11 

3.816 

3.852 

4.359 

4.117 

12                3.148 

3.178 

3.596 

3.397 

13                2.392 

2.414 

2.732 

2.58 

14                 1.826 

1.843 

2.085 

1.969 

15                 1.374 

1.387 

1.569 

1.482 

16                 1.119 

1.13 

1.279 

1.208 

17                   .8915 

.9 

1.018 

.9618 

18                   .6363 

.6423 

.7268 

.6864 

19                   .4675 

.472 

.534 

.5043 

20                   .3246 

.3277 

.3709 

.3502 

21                   .2714 

.274 

.31 

.2929 

22 

.2079 

.2098 

.2373 

.2241 

23 

.1656 

.1672 

.1892 

.1788 

24                   .1283 

.1295 

.1465 

.1384 

25                   .106 

.107 

.1211 

.1144 

26 

.0859 

.0867 

.0981 

.0926 

27 

.0678 

.0685 

.0775 

.0732 

28 

.0519 

.0524 

.0593 

.056 

29 

.0448 

.0452 

.0511             .0483 

30 

.0382 

.0385 

.0436            .0412 

31 

.0265 

.0267 

.0303            .0286 

32 

.0215     !           .0217 

.0245            .0231 

33 

.017                 .0171 

.0194 

.0183 

34 

.013 

.0131 

.0148 

.014 

35 

.0066 

.0067 

.0076 

.0071 

36 

.0042 

.0043 

.0048 

.0046 

• 

I 

THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY.     105 


JH        rj 


P3 

O 


eg  <s 

-    ±!  J3 
•s      'C  t3 


23 
!w 

•s-s 

fl    fl 


EH 

GQ 


O     «J 


OQ 

cq 
p 

n 


8 


33 
"d  "^ 
>  > 


22 


P 

0 


rH  r-   <M  <?    CO  «  t-  05  0  C      * 


0  C     J*  00  CO  00  -*  O 


Length  of 
Pipe 
containing 
1  cubic  ft. 


.  (M  rH  ?O  00 


^lOOC^OCOCOC^COO 


fa  O5  t-  1O  TJI  CO  < 


gth  of 
pe  per  a 
oot  inside 
Surface. 


Le 
Pip 


External 
Circum- 
ference. 


"rt  C 


Act 
ut 


11. 


Sr-IC^TtllCt-OCOt- 


H     'r-irHr-idcO-iiiOtCt-loii-idTjJiOci 


i  IM  C^  (M  <M  S  ! 


CO  •*  T(  IO  IO  5O  t-  00  Cl  O 


-s 


- 


106      THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY. 


BOLTS  WITH  SQUARE  HEADS  AND 
NUTS. 

Weight  of  100  Bolts. 


^ength. 
Inches. 

i" 

1" 

4" 

f  i" 

I" 

1" 

H" 

H" 

U 

5.0 

14.6 

28 

~53~ 

88 

145 

172 

221 

371 

2    5.7 

16.1 

31 

57 

94 

153 

183 

235  i  388 

2£   6.4 

17.6 

34 

61 

100 

162 

194 

249   405 

3 

7.1 

19.2 

36 

65 

106 

170 

205 

263 

422 

31 

7.8 

21.7 

39 

70 

112 

178 

216 

276 

439 

4 

8.5 

22.2 

42 

74 

118 

187 

227 

290 

456 

4i 

9.2 

23.7 

44 

78 

125 

195 

238 

304 

473 

5 

9.8 

25.3 

47 

83 

131 

203 

249 

318 

490 

5& 

10.5 

26.8 

50 

87 

137 

212 

260 

332 

507 

6 

11.2 

28.3 

53 

91  1  143 

220 

271 

345 

524 

61 

11.9 

29.9 

55 

95 

149 

228 

282 

360 

542 

7 

12.5 

31.4 

58 

100 

155 

237 

293 

372  558 

7^ 

13.2 

33.0 

61 

104 

161 

245 

304 

397 

576 

8 

13.9 

34  5 

64 

108 

167 

253 

315 

401 

593 

9 

15.3 

37.5 

69 

116 

179 

270 

337 

428 

628 

10 

16.6 

41.6 

74 

125 

192 

287 

359 

456 

660 

11 

18.0 

43.7 

80 

134 

204 

303 

381 

483 

694 

12   19.4 

46.8 

85.4 

142 

216 

320 

402 

511   729 

Add  for  each  foot  increase  in  length. 

16.4 

36.8 

65.4  102  !  146 

200  |  262  331   409 

STANDARD   SIZES  OF  WASHERS. 

Number  in  100  Lbs. 


Diameter. 

Size  of        i      Thickness 
Hole.          1  Wire  Gauge. 

Size  of 
Bolt. 

Number  in 
100  Ibs. 

Inch. 

Inch.                     No. 

Inch. 

5 

-fe                  16 

^                    29,300 

4 
1 

u 

1 

Te 

16 
14 
11 

~£s 

18,000 
7,600 
3,300  ' 

it 

11 

"ft" 

2,180 

H 

11 

£ 

2,350 

If 

2 

11 

10 

1 

1,680 
1,140 

if 

8 

1                       580 

•21                    H'                    8  • 

li                     470 

3                    15 

7 

1-1                     360 

3 

* 

li 

6 

1|                     360 

THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY.      107 


FRANKLIN  INSTITUTE 

STANDARD  SIZES 

SQUARE  AND   HEXAGTON  NUTS. 

Number  of  Each  Size  in  100  libs. 
THESE  NUTS  ARE  CHAMFERED  AND  TRIMMED. 


Width. 

Thickness 

Hole. 

Size  of 
Bolt. 

Number  of 
Square. 

Number  of 
Hexagon. 

H 

H 

1 

{1 

$ 

8140 
3000 
2320 

9300 
6200 
3120 

ti 

1 

P 

1940 
1180 

2200 
1350 

H 

A 

ft 

920 

1000 

2A 

5. 

738 

830 

H 

3. 

| 

a. 

420 

488 

7 

I 

280. 

309 

H* 

1 

|i 

180 

216 

lit 

H 

n 

li 

130 

148 

2 

u 

1ft 

li 

96 

111 

2  1L. 

if 

1-3% 

If 

70 

85 

2f 

H 

H 

60 

70 

HEXAGON  NUTS. 

SQUARE  NUTS. 

REGULAR  SIZES. 

REGULAR  SIZES. 

Width. 

Thick- 
ness. 

Hole. 

Size  of 
Bolt. 

Number 
in 
100  Ibs. 

Width. 

Thick- 
ness. 

Hole. 

Size  of 
Bolt. 

Number 
in 
100  Ibs. 

| 

i 

A 

1 

8600 

~^T~ 

i    - 

~~£~ 

i 

6680 

ft 

^i 

^ff 

4260 

1 

ft 

-17- 

fr 

3540 

£ 

f 

H 

1 

25CO 

I 

f 

H 

f 

2050 

I4 

ft 

t 

2180 
900 

f 

.  i 

V 

f 

1380 

840 

1 

TfV 

H 

ft 

880 

u 

? 

^ 

P 

650 

U 

f 

H 

5. 

8 

535 

li 

& 

Ii 

410 

if 

1 

H 

295 

If 

5 

§¥ 

^ 

270 

H 

1 

3. 

4 

1 

224 

8- 

5. 

i 

215 

l-i- 

If 

1 

150 

1| 

":?^ 

1 

140 

24 

lf 

« 

Ii 

100 

2 

H 

s 

H 

95 

2 

If 

i£ 

H 

96 

2^ 

If 

ITV 

1-4- 

72 

24- 

H 

if 

72 

2^ 

Iz" 

1| 

45 

1 

i» 

1A 

H 

43 

3 

Ii    • 

4 

4 

32 

108     THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY. 


NAILS  AND   SPIKES. 

Size,  Length,  and  Number  to  the  Pound. 

CUMBERLAND    NAIL  AND    IRON    CO. 


ORDINARY. 

CLINCH.                    FINISHING. 

Size. 

Length. 

No. 
to  Lb. 

716 

588 
448 
336 
216 
166 
118 
94 
72^ 
50 
32 
20 
17 
14 
10 

Length. 

No.            c. 
to  Lb.          Slze' 

Length. 

No. 
to  Lb. 

2d 
3  fine 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
10 
12 
20 
30 
40 
50 
60 

i!A 

1|6 

2* 

4f 
5 

2 

O3. 

31 

152 
133 
92 
72 
60 
43 

4d 
5 
6 
8 
10 
12 
20 

if 

2 

3 
Sf 

31 

384 

256 
204 
102 
80 
65 
46 

FENCE. 

CORE. 

f 

3 

96 
66 
56 

50 
40 

6d 
8 
10 
12 
20 
30 
40 

W  H 
W  H  L 

2 

n 

4| 

143 
68 
60 
42 
25 
18 
14 

69 
72 

LIGHT. 

SPIKES. 

4d 
5 
6 

ft 

373 
272 
196 

4' 

5 

5* 
6 

19 
15 
13 
10 

9 

7 

SLATE. 

BRADS. 

6d 
8 
10 
12 

2" 

163 

96 
74 

50 

3d 
4 

i 

$ 

2 

288 
244 
187 
146 

BOAT. 

ft 

206 

TACKS. 

Size.     Length.   tQNLb        Size.     Length.   ^^        Size.     Length. 

No. 
to  Lb. 

1  oz.      i        16000      4  oz.      -fa       4000     14  oz. 

H         A      1°666      6           -'56-       2666   1  16 
2                      8000      8            |         2000     18 
2^         -fs        6400    10            it       1600     20 
3           |           5333    12           f         1333    1  22 

f 
» 

1143  j 
1000 

888 
800J 
727 

«  — 

—  £ 

THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY.     109 

LAP-  WELDED  AMERICAN 

CHARCOAL  IRON  BOILER  TUBES. 

TABLES  OF  STANDARD 

SIZES. 

MORRIS,    TASKER   &   CO. 

If 

"""Q 

i 

li 

% 

>3  o 

•£ 

B-1U 

§   a-"   3 

"rt     . 
p  « 

T 
c 

i-C   o 
hD  o 

^ 

II 

£ 

0 

i  I 

3.8-31 

«  S 

*<i 
w 

R 

Inch. 

Inch. 

Inch. 

Inch. 

Inch. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

Inch. 

Inch. 

Lbs. 

1 

0.856 

0.072 

3.142 

2.689 

4 

460 

3.819 

0.575 

0 

785 

0.708 

1# 

1.106 

0.072 

3.927 

3.474 

3.455 

3.056 

0.960 

1 

.227 

0.9 

l/^ 

1.33 

1 

0.083 

4.7 

12 

4.191 

2 

863 

2.54 

7 

1.396 

1 

707 

1.250 

1% 

1.560 

0.095 

54 

98 

4.901 

'2 

448 

2.183 

1.911 

2 

405 

1.665 

2 

1.80 

1 

0.098 

6.2 

83 

5  667 

2 

118 

1.90 

9 

2.556 

3 

143 

1.981 

2*4     2.054 

0.098 

7  069 

6.484 

1 

850 

1.69 

3 

3.314 

3 

976 

2.238 

*     V/ 

2.28 

! 

0.109 

7.8 

51 

7.172 

1 

673 

.52 

3 

4.094 

4 

909 

2.755 

2H 

2.533 

0.109 

8.639 

7.957 

1 

508 

.390 

5.039 

5 

940 

3.045 

3 

2.78 

( 

0.109 

9.425 

8.743 

1.373 

.273 

6.083 

7 

069 

3.333 

31^ 

3.01 

1 

0.119 

10.2 

10 

9.462 

1 

268 

.17 

5 

7  125 

8 

296 

3.958 

%y> 

3.26 

1 

0.119 

10.9 

96 

10.248 

1 

171 

.09 

L 

8.357 

9 

621 

4.272 

8# 

3.512 

0.119 

11.781 

11.033 

1 

088 

.018 

9.687 

11 

046 

4.590 

4 

3.741 

0.130 

12.566 

11.753 

1.023 

0.955 

10.992 

12 

666 

5.320 

41^ 

4.24 

1 

0.130 

14.1 

:J7 

13.323 

0 

901 

0.84 

3 

14.126 

15 

004 

6.010 

5 

4.72 

0.140 

15.7 

ON 

14.818     0 

809 

0.76 

i 

17.497 

19 

.635 

7.226 

G 

5.699 

0.151 

18.849 

17.904     0.670 

0.637 

25.509 

•28 

.274      9.346 

7 

6.657 

0.172121.991 

20.914 

0 

574 

0.545 

34.805 

88 

484|  12.435 

8 

7.636 

0.182|25.13223  989 

0 

500 

0.478 

45.795 

50 

265 

15.109 

9 

8.61 

~> 

0.193 

28.2 

74j27.055 

o 

444 

0.42 

i 

58.291 

63 

617 

18.002 

10 

9.573 

0.214 

31.41630.074 

0 

399 

0.38 

2 

71.975 

78 

540 

22.19 

1 

WROUGHT-IRON 

WELDED  TUBES. 

EXTRA  STRONG. 

31 

rt  -a  * 

i 

I  * 

!« 

M 

M 

.3  isi 

O   ol 

I'll 

Ml 

WJ 

fill 

i^l^ 

H 

^ 

w 

<;'35    w 

H 

.405 

.100 

.205 

k 

.54 

.123 

.294 

.675 

.127 

.421 

% 

.84 

.149 

.298 

.542 

.244 

34- 

1.05 

.157 

.314 

.736 

.422 

l 

1.315 

.182 

.364 

.951 

.587 

i^ 

1.66 

.194 

.388 

1.272 

.884 

IK 

1.9 

.203 

.406 

1.494 

1.088 

2 

2.375 

.221 

.442 

1.933 

1.491 

2^ 

2.875 

.280 

.560 

2.315 

1.755 

3 

3.5 

.304 

.608 

2.892 

2.284 

3J^ 

4. 

.321 

.642 

3.358 

2.716 

4 

4.5 

.341 

.682 

3.818 

3.136 

110      THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY. 


WINDOW  GLASS. 

Number  of  Lights  per  Box  of  50  Feet. 


Inches. 

No. 

Inches. 

No. 

Inches. 

No. 

Inches. 

No. 

6X  8 

150 

12X18 

33 

16X44 

10 

26X32 

9 

7   9 

115 

12  20 

30 

18  20 

20 

26  34 

8 

8  10 

90 

12  22 

27 

18  22 

18 

26  36 

8 

8  11 

82 

12  24 

25 

18  24 

17 

26  40 

7 

8  12 

75 

12  26 

23 

18  26 

15 

20  42 

7 

8  13 

70 

12  28 

21 

18  28 

14 

26  44 

6 

8  14 

64 

12  30 

20 

18  30 

13 

26  48 

6 

8  15 

60 

12  32 

18 

18  32 

13 

26  HO 

6 

8  16 

55 

12  34 

17 

18  34 

12 

26  54 

5 

9  11 

72 

13  14 

40 

18  36 

11 

26  58 

5 

9  12 

67 

13  16 

35 

18  38 

11 

28  30 

9 

9  13 

62 

13  18 

31 

18  40 

10 

28  32 

8 

9  14 

57 

13  20 

28 

18  44 

9 

28  34 

8 

9  15 

53 

13  22 

25 

20  22 

16 

28  36 

7 

9  16 

50 

13  24 

23 

20  24 

15 

28  38 

7 

9  17 

47 

13  26 

21 

20  26 

14 

28  40 

6 

9  18 

44 

13  28 

19 

20  28 

13 

28  44 

6 

9  20 

40 

13  30 

18 

.  20  30 

12 

28  46 

6 

10  12 

60 

14  16 

32 

20  32 

11 

28  50 

5 

10  13 

55 

14  18 

29 

20  34 

11 

28  52 

5 

10  14 

52 

14  20 

26 

20  36 

10 

28  56 

4 

10  15 

48 

14  22 

23 

20  38 

9 

30  36 

7 

10  16 

45 

14  24 

22 

20  40 

9 

30  40 

6 

10  17 

42 

14  26 

20 

20  44 

8 

30  42 

6 

10  18 

40 

14  28 

18 

20  46 

8 

30  44 

5 

10  20 

36 

14  30 

17 

20  48 

8 

30  46 

5 

10  22 

33 

14  32 

16 

20  50 

7 

30  48 

5 

10  24 

30 

14  34 

15 

20  60 

8 

30  50 

5 

10  26 

28 

14  36 

14 

22  24 

14 

30  54 

4 

10  -28 

26 

14  40 

13 

22  26 

13 

30  56 

4 

10  30 

24 

14  44 

11 

22  28 

12 

30  CO 

4 

10  32 

22 

15  18 

27 

22  30 

11 

32  42 

5 

10  34 

21 

15  20 

24 

22  32 

10 

32  44 

5 

11  13 

50 

15  22 

22 

22  34 

10 

32  46 

5 

11  14 

47 

15  24 

20 

22  36 

9 

32  48 

5 

11  15 

44 

15  26 

18 

22  38 

9 

32  50 

4 

11  16 

41 

15  28 

17 

22  40 

8 

32  54 

4 

11  17 

39 

15  30 

16 

22  44 

8 

32  56 

4 

11  18 

36 

15  32 

15 

22  46 

7 

32  60 

4 

11  20 

33 

1G  18 

25 

22  50 

7 

34  40 

5 

11  22 

30 

16  20 

23 

24  28 

11 

34  44 

5 

11  24 

27 

16  22 

20 

24  SO 

10 

34  46 

5 

11  26 

25 

16  24 

19 

24  32 

9 

34  £0 

4 

11  28 

23 

16  26 

17 

24  36 

8 

34  52 

4 

11  30 

21 

16  28 

16 

24  40 

8 

34  56 

4 

11  32 

20 

16  30 

15 

24  44 

7 

36  44 

5 

11  34 

19 

16  32 

14 

24  46 

7 

36  50 

4 

12  14 

43 

16  34 

13 

21  48 

6 

36  56 

4 

12  15 

40 

16  36 

12 

21  50 

6 

36  60 

3 

12  16 

38 

16  38 

12 

24  54 

5 

36  64 

3 

12  17 

35 

16  40 

11 

24  56 

5 

40  60 

3 

THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY.       Ill 


BOOFINO    SLATE. 

General  Rule  for  the  Computation  of  Slate. 

From  the  length  of  the  Slate  take  three  inches,  or  as  many 
as  the  third  covers  the  first;  divide  the  remainder  by  2,  and 
multiply  the  quotient  by  the  width  of  the  slate,  and  the  prod- 
uct will  be  the  number  of  square  inches  in  a  single  slate. 
Divide  the  number  of  square  inches  thus  procured  by  144, 
the  number  of  square  inches  in  square  foot,  and  the  quotient 
will  be  the  number  of  feet  and  inches  required.  A  square  of 
slate  is  what  will  cover  100  feet  square,  when  laid  upon  the 
roof. 

Weight  per  Cubic  Foot,     -    174  Pounds. 


Weight  per  Square  Foot. 


Thickness |    ft   I  •>&      -ft       f        i  '     f        1 

Weight |l. 812  713.625.437.259.0610.87 


1  inch. 
14.51bs. 


TABLE  OF   SIZES  AND  NUMBER  OF   SLATE 
IN  ONE  SQUARE. 


Size  in 
Inches. 


6X12 

7  12 

8  12 

9  12 
10  1-2 
12  12 

7  14 

8  14 

9  14 
10  14 
12  14 


No.  of 
Slate  in 
Square. 


530 
457 
400 
355 
320 
266 
374 
327 
291 
261 
218 


Inches. 


8X16 

9  16 

10  16 

12  16 

9  18 

10  18 

11  18 

12  18 
14  18 

10  20 

11  20 


No.  of 
Slate  in 
Square. 


277 
246 
221 
184 
213 
192 
174 
160 
137 
169 
154 


Size  in 
Inches. 


12X20 

14  20 

11  22 

12  22 
14  22 
12  24 
14  24 
16  24 
14  26 
16  26 


No.  of 
Slate  in 
Square. 


141 
121 

137 
126 

108 
114 

98 
86 
89 

78 


1                                                      —  « 

112     THE     PASSAIC      ROLLING     MILL      COMPANY. 

CAPACITY  OF  CISTERNS, 

In    Gallons,    for    Each    Foot    in    Depth. 

Diameter 
in  Feet. 

Gallons. 

Diameter 
in  Feet. 

Gallons. 

2. 

23.5 

9.   , 

475.87 

2.5 

36.7 

9.5 

553.67 

3. 

52.9 

10. 

587.5 

3.5 

71.96 

11. 

710.9 

4. 

94.02 

12. 

846.4 

4.5 

119. 

13. 

992.9 

5. 

146.8 

14. 

1,151.5 

5.5 

177.7 

15. 

1,321.9 

6. 

211.6 

20. 

2,350.0 

6.5 

248.22 

25. 

3,570.7 

7. 

287.84 

30. 

5,287.7 

7.5 

330.48 

35. 

7,189. 

8. 

376. 

40. 

9,367.2 

8,5 

424.44 

45. 

11,893.2 

The  American  standard  gallon  contains  231  cubic  inches,  or  8^  pounds 
of  pure  water.  *A  cubic  foot  contains  62.3  pounds  of  water,  or  7.48 
gallons.  Pressure  per  square  inch  is  equal  to  the  depth  or  head  in  feet 
multiplied  by  .433.  Each  27.72  inches  of  depth  gives  a  pressure  of  one 
pound  to  the  square  inch. 


SKYLIGHT  AND  FLOOR  GLASS. 

Weight  per  Cubic  Foot,     -     156  Pounds. 


Weight 

per  Square  Foot. 

Thickness  
Weight  

i 
1.62 

A 

2.43 

.i 
3.25 

I 
4.88 

6.508.13 

9.75 

1  inch. 
13  Ibs. 

FLAGGING. 

Weight  per  Cubic  Foot,     -     168  Pounds. 


Weight  per  Square  Foot. 

Thickness  

1 

Q 

3 

4 

o 

6 

7 

8  inch. 

Weight  

14 

28 

42 

56 

70 

84 

98 

112  Ibs. 

i 

THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY.      113 


NOTES   ON  BRICKWORK. 

IN  ordinary  brickwork,  one  cubic  foot  of  wall  will  require 
21  bricks  of  8  in.  X  2^  in.  X  Z1A  in- 

For  .1000  ordinary  bricks  is  required  I  barrel  of  good  lime, 
2  cartloads  of  ordinary  sharp  sand. 

One  brick  as  above  weighs  4  Ibs.,  dry;  if  perfectly  soaked 
in  water,  5  Ibs.  It  will  absorb  I  Ib.  or  I  pint  of  water. 

Edgewise  arches  will  require  about  7  bricks  per  square 
foot  of  floor,  and  endwise  arches  will  require  about  14  bricks 
of  the  size  given  above. 

For  i  cubic  yard  of  concrete  is  required  i  barrel,  of 
cement,  2  barrels  of  good  sharp  sand,  i  cubic  yard  of  broken 
stone.  "If 


r               •                                    I 

114       THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY. 

SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  AND  WEIGHTS 
OF  VARIOUS  SUBSTANCES. 

NAMES  OF  SUBSTANCES. 

^Average  Weights. 

Specific 
Gravity,    i 

'    Per 

Cubic  Foot. 

Per 

a  Foot,  i 
in.  thick. 

Anthracite,  solid,  of  Pa 

93 
54 

58 
(80  per 
38 
87 
504 
524 
150 
125 
100 
140 
112 
56 
50 
90 
42 
41 
84 
49 
(74  per 
27 

542 

548 
76 
95 
108 
76 
35 
157 
168 
1204 
1217 
170 
25 
53 
58.7 
450 
485 
480 
711 

bushel, 
3& 
7.25 
42. 
43.7 

3.50 
3.41 

bushel, 

45.2 
45.7 

6.33 
2.9 
13 

^ 
4.62 

37.5 

40.6 
40.0 
59.25 

1.50 

heaped).  5 
0.61 
1.40 
8.09 
8.4 
2.4 
2.0 
1.6 
2.25 
1.8 

0.67 
0.66 
1.35 

heaped).!  j 

8.7 
8.8 

1.22 

0.56 
2.53 
2.7 
19.3 
19.6 
2.73 
0.40 
0.85 
0.95 
7.24 
7.8 
7.7 
11.4      || 

//           broken,  loose  
//                 n       shaken  
//          heaped  bushel,  loose.  .  . 
Ash,  white,  dry  
Asphaltum  
Brass,  cast  

//       rolled  
Brick,  best  pressed  
//       common  hard  
//       soft 

Brickwork,  pressed  brick  
//            ordinary  
Cement,  Rosendale  (loose) 

//        Louisville        //      ...... 
//        Portland           //         .  . 

Cherry,  dry   
Chestnut,  dry                 .... 

Coal,  bituminous,  solid  
//               //            broken,  loose.  .  . 
//               //                 //             //    .  .  . 
Coke,  loose  
//       heaped  bushel,  38  Ibs  
Copper,  cast  

//        rolled   
Earth,  common  dry,  loose  
//             //         rammed  
//       soft  mud 

Ebony,  dry  
Elm,  dry   
Glass  

Gneiss    r  .  .  .  , 
Gold,  cast,  24  carat  
//      hammered,  24  carat  
Granite 

Hemlock,  dry 

Hickory,  dry  
Ice            .  .                      .... 

Iron,  cast  ...   
//      wrought  (hammered)  
//             //        (rolled)  
Lead 

ff 

THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING 

Mi^lf^id 

>M,.AM' 

'     H 

SPECIFIC  GRAVITY 
OF  VARIOUS  SUBS^ 

i^^J 

DAMTE 

W1& 

o.—  -C-6 

Average  \ 

/'eights. 

NAMES  OF  SUBSTANCES. 

Per 

Cubic  Foot. 

Per 

a  Foot,  i 
in.  thick. 

Gravi 

Lime,  loose  quicklime  

//       per  bushel,  66  Ibs 

53 

Limestone  and  marble  
Maple  
Masonry,  granite  or  limestone  .... 
//          rubble  
//          dry  
//          sandstone  
Mercury,  at  32°  F  
Mortar,  hardened    
Mud,  dry 

168 
49 
165 
154 
138 
144 
849 
103 
80-110 

8.6 

2.7 
0.7 

13.6 
1.6 

Oak,  live,  dry  

59 

4  LL 

0.9 

//      white  
Petroleum   
Pine,  white,  dry  
//       yellow,  Northern  
//           //          Southern  
Quartz    

52 
55 
25 
34 
45 
165 

i- 

0.8 
0.8 
0.4 
0.5 
0.7 
2.6 

Salt,  Syracuse,  coarse  
//     fine  Liverpool  . 

45 
49 

Sand,  pure  dry,  loose 

90-106  - 

//      shaken    
//      perfectly  wet  -t 
Sandstone 

99^117  - 
1-20-  140 
151 

2.4 

Shales,  red  or  black  
Silver                       ...        

162 
655 

2.6 
10.5 

Slate 

175 

14.6 

2.8 

Snow,   fresh  
.'/        slush  

5-  12 
15-  20 

Spruce,  dry 

25 

2  1- 

0  4 

Steel 

490 

403  2 

7  9 

Sulphur  
Sycamore,  dry  
Tar 

125 
37 
62 

2.0 
0.6 
1  0 

Tin  
Turf  or  Peat,  di  y  
Walnut,  dry 

459 

20-  30 
38 

31 

7.4 

0  6 

Water   pure  at  60°  F 

1  0 

//        sea  
Zinc  or  Spelter,  cast  
rolled  
Green  timbers  i  to  |  more  than  dry 

64 
446 

448 

37.1 
37.3 

1.0 
7.1 
7.1 

116     THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY. 


LINEAK  EXPANSION  OF  METALS. 

Between  o°  and  100°  C.         For  i°  C.   For  i°  Fahr. 

Zinc 0.00294  .... 

Lead 0.00284 

Tin  0.00222 

Copper,  yellow 0.00188  

red 0.00171 

*  Forged  iron 0.00122  .0000122         .00000677 

tSteel 0.00114  .0000114         .000(10633 

*  Cast  iron 0.00111  .0000111         .00000616 

For  a  change  of  100°  Fahr.  a  bar  of  iron  1475'  long  will     ( 
extend   I   foot.     Similarly,  a  bar    loo  feet  long  will   extend 
.0678  foot,  or  .8136  inch. 

According  to  the  experiments  of  Du  Long  &  Petit,  we  have 
the  mean  expansion  of  iron,  copper,  and  platinum,  between 
o°  and  100°  C.,  and  o°  and  300°  C.,  as  below : 

From  o°  to  100°  C.  o°  to  300°  C. 

Iron  0.00180  0.00146 

Copper 0.00171  0.00188 

Platinum 0.00884  0.00918 

The  law  for  the  expansion  of  iron,  steel,  and  cast  iron,  at 
very  high  temperatures,  according  to  Rinman,  is  as  follows  : 

For.oC.          xo  Fahr. 

Iron 00714       .0000143=.  0000080 

Steel 01071       .0000214=. 0000119 

Cast  iron 01250       .0000250=.  0000139 

From  25°  to  1300° 
nascent  white  =  1275°  C. 

Iron 01250      .00000981 =.00000545 

Steel 01787      .0000 1 400==.  00000777 

Cast  iron 02144      . 00001680=.  00000933 

From  500.°  to  1500° 

dull  red  to  white  heat  =  1000°  C. 

difference. 

Iron  .  , 00535  .00000535=. 0000030 

Steel 00714  .00000714=.  000(040 

Cast  iron 0'0893  .00000893=. 0000050 

Ratio  of  Expansion  in  Hundred  parts,  assuming- 
Forge  Iron  to  expand  between  0°  and  100°  C.  = 
.00122. 

From  o°  to  100°  25°  to  525°  25°  to  1300°  500°  to  1500° 

Iron   100  per  ct.  117  per  ct.  80  per  ct.      44  per  ct. 

Steel 93       "  175      "  114      "           58       " 

Cast  iron .     91       "  205       "  137       "           73 


Laplace  and  Lavoisier,     t  Ramsden. 


THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY.      117 


The  contraction  of  a  wrought-iron  rod  in  cooling  is  about 
equivalent  to  Timorr  °f  its  length  from  a  decrease  of  15°  Fahr., 
and  the  strain  thus  induced  is  about  one  ton  for  every  square 
inch  of  sectional  area  in  the  bar. 

For  a  rod  of  the  lengths  given  below,  the  contraction  will 
be  as  follows : 

Length  of  rod  in  feet.  .   10     20     30     40     50     75     100     150 

Contrac'nin  inches  for  15°  .012  .024  .036  .048  .060  .090  .120  .180 
150°  .120  .240  .360  .480  .600  .900  1.200  1.800 
100°  .080  .160  .240  .320  .400  .600  .800  1.200 

Contraction  and  expansion  being  equal,  the  pressure  per 
square  inch  induced  by  heating  or  cooling  is  as  follows  : 
For  temperatures  varying  by  15°  Fahr. : 

Variation....   15    30    45    60    75     105    120     150  degrees. 
Pressure  ....12345        7         8       10  tons. 

Stoney  givesS3  C.  =  14.4  Fahr.  as  equivalent  to  a  pressure 
of  one  ton  per  square  inch  for  wrought  iron,  and  15°  C.  =  27 
Fahr.  for  cast  iron. 


DIMINUTION  OF  TENACITY   OF  WROUGHT 
IKON  AT  HIGH  TEMPEKATUBES. 

EXPERIMENTS    FRANKLIN    INSTITUTE,   1839.       WALTER    JOHNSON   AND    BENJ. 
REEVES,    COM. 


C. 


271° 

299 

313 

316 

332 

350 

378 

389 

390 

408 

410 

440 


Fahr. 


520° 

630 
732 


Diminution 

p.  ct.  of  max. 

tenacity. 


0.0738 
0.0869 
0.0899 
0.0964 
0.1047 
0.1155 
0.1436 
0.1491 
0.1535 
0.1589 
0.1627 
0:2010 


500° 

508 

554 

599 

624 

626 

642 

669 

674 

708 


Fahr. 


Diminution 

p.  ct.  of  max 

tenacity. 


932° 


1154 


1245 
1306 


0.3324 
0.3593 
0.4478 
0.5514 
0.6000 
0.6011 
0.6352 
0.6622 
0.6715 
0.7001 


118      THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY. 


DIFFERENT    COLORS    OF    IRON 
CAUSED    BY   HEAT. 

POUILLET. 
C.  FAHR.  COLOR. 

210° 410° Pale  Yellow. 

221   430  Dull  Yellow. 

256 493  Crimson. 

{Violet,  Purple,  and  Dull  Blue ;  be- 
tween 261°  C.  to  370°  C.  it  passes  to 
Bright  Blue,  to  Sea  Green,  and 
then  disappears. 

500   932   ......  Commences    to   be   covered  with   a 

light  coating  of  oxide ;  loses  a  good 
deal  of  its  hardness ;  becomes  a 
good  deal  more  impressible  to  the 
hammer  and  can  be  twisted  with 
ease. 

.  .  .  Becomes  Nascent  Red. 
.  .  .  Somber  Red. 
.  .  .  Nascent  Cherry. 
.  .  .Cherry. 
.  .  .  Bright  Cherry. 
.  .  .Dull  Orange. 
.  .  .  Bright  Orange. 
.  .  .White. 
. .  .Brilliant  White — welding  heat. 

. .  .  Dazzling  White. 


525 

700 

800 

900 

1000 

1100 

1200 

1300 

1400 

1500 

1600 


.  977  . 
.1292  . 
.1472  . 
.1657  . 
.1832  . 
.2012  . 
.2192  . 
.2372  . 
.2552  . 
.2732  > 
.2912  < 


MELTING    POINT    OF    METALS. 


NAME. 

Platina.. 

Antimony  .... 

Bismuth  

Tin  (average) . 
Lead      " 
Zinc  .  . 


FAHR. 
. .4593° 
..  955 
..  487 
...  475 
..  622 
.  772 


FAHR. 


AUTHORITY. 


Cast  iron..  ..2786 


Wrought  iron  .  . 
Copper  (average) 


..2552 
.  .2174" 


...  842    J.  Lowthian  Bell. 
....507 

.  .  . .620  "    . 

....782 

1922.  |012 White,  ?  Pouillet< 

.  ..  2733"  "tedmg  heat.  " 


THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY.       119 

ULTIMATE    RESISTANCE    OF 

MATERIALS. 

IN  POUNDS  PER  SQUARE  INCH. 

Tension 

Compression 

Shearing 

Average. 

Average. 

Average. 

Brass,  cast  .  .  .  '  j         18,000 

10,300 

//      wire  49,000 

Bronze,  gun  metal  39,000 

175,000 

Copper,  cast  

19,000 

117,000 

//         sheet  

30,000 

103,000 

//         bolts  

36,000 

//         wire  

60,000 

Iron,   cast  13,400-29,000 

80,000-145,000 

27,000 

Iron  wrought  : 

45,000 

Rods  of  1  to  2"  diam.  .  50,000-55,000 

Specimens  of  rerolled.  . 

50,000-55,000 

Rerolled,  large  bars.  .  . 

46,000-47,000 

36000-40000 

Plates,  L  and  shapes.  . 

47,000-50,000 

//        over  30"  wide  .  . 

45,000-48,000 

Iron  wire  170,000-100,000 

//         //    ropes  90,000 

Lead,  sheet  3,300                  7,700 

Steel,  0  .  25gc.  for  eye  bars.          70,000 

//      0.42g    c.    compres- 

sion members  .  .  .  !         80,000 

//       tool  steel  !       110,000 

//       wire  200,000 

Tin,  cast  

4,600 

15,500 

Zinc,   // 

7,500 

//      sheet   rolled  

16,000 

Ash,  seasoned   

16,500 

6,000 

Beech,      //         

15,000 

7,000 

Box,          //        

20,000 

10,000 

Cedar,      //         

10,300 

6,500 

Chestnut,//        

13,000 

Elm,         //        

6,000  \ 

10,000^: 

Fir  or  spruce,  seasoned.  . 

10,000-13,600 

6,800 

5-800 

Hickory,                    // 

12,800-18,000 

Locust,                      // 

18,000 

Maple  , 

10,000 

Oak,  white,                // 

18,000 

7,200-9,100 

2,000 

//        European        u 

10,000-19,800 

10,000 

2,300 

Pine,  white,  red  and  pitch. 

10,000 

5,000-5,600 

5-800 

//       long  leaf  yellow.  .  . 

12,600-19,200  1          8,000 

6-1,000 

Poplar,  seasoned  7,000                  5,100 

Silk   fiber  52,000 

Walnut,  seasoned  16,000 

7,200 

120       THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY. 


ULTIMATE   RESISTANCE  OF 
MATERIALS. 

IN  POUNDS,  PER  SQUARE  INCH. 


Tension 
Average. 

Compression 
Average. 

Brick,  weak 

150 

550-800 

a       good  

300 

1,100 

//       fire 

1,700 

Brickwork,  good  ordinary  
//            in  cement  
//                   //            extra  
Granite  and  Syenite  
Basalt 

300 
450 
1,000 
4,500-18,000 
10,500 

Limestone  and  marble  
Oolites                

700-1,600 
100-   200 

3,750-15,000 
1,500-3,750 

Sandstone  

3,750-8,000 

//          of  New  Jersey  
Slate 

2,500-4,000 

3,000 
6,000-12,000 

Chalk  
Plaster  of  Paris 

70 

3UO-450 
600 

Concrete  
Portland  cement,  pure  
Roman            //           // 

'  100-   450  ' 
200 

~    450-750 
1,2UO-2,400 
750 

Glass     .            

3,000-9,000 

20,000-35,000 

Ice 

180-270 

Mortar,  hydraulic  

150 

//       common                 

20 

Rope  best  manilla 

12,000 

//         //     hemp                

15,000 

-j0                                                                                                                                                                                        WV 

THE  PASSAIC  ROLLING  MILL  COMPANY.   121 

NATURAL  SINES,  ETC. 

S°    Sine. 

Cover. 

Cosecnt. 

Tangt. 

Cotang. 

Secant. 

Versin. 

1   . 
Cosine.   jf 

Q 

M 

0 

.00 

1.00000 

Infinite. 

.0 

Infinite. 

1.00000 

.0 

1.00000  90 

1 

.01745 

.98254 

57.2986 

.01745  57.2899 

1  00015   .0001  i  -99984  89 

2 

.03489 

.96510 

28.6537 

.03492  28.6362 

1.00060   .0006  i  .99939  88 

3 

.05233 

.94766 

19.1073 

.05240 

19.0811 

1.00137 

.0013 

.99862  87 

4 

.06975 

.93024 

14.3355 

.06992 

14.3006 

1.00244 

.0024 

.99756  86 

5 

.08715 

.91284 

11.4737 

.08748 

11.4300 

1.00381 

.0038 

.99619  85 

6 

.10452 

.89547 

9.5667 

.10510 

9.5143 

1.00550 

.0054 

.99452  84 

7 

.12186 

.87813 

8.2055 

.12278 

8.1443 

1.00750 

.0074 

.99254  83 

8 

.13917 

.86082 

7.1852 

.14054 

7.1153 

1.00982 

.0097 

.99026  82 

9 

.15643 

.84356 

6.3924 

.15838 

6.3137 

1.01246 

,.0123 

.98768  81 

10 

.17364 

.82635 

5.7587 

.17632 

5.6712 

1.01542 

.0151 

.98480  80 

11 

.19080 

.80919 

5.2408 

.19438 

5.1445 

1.01871 

.0183 

.98162 

79 

12 

.20791 

.79208 

4.8097 

.21255 

4.7046 

1.02234 

.0218 

.97814 

78 

13 

.22495 

.77504 

4.4454 

.23086 

4.3314 

1.02630 

.0256 

.97437 

77 

14 

.24192 

.75807 

4.1335 

.24932 

4.0107 

1.03061 

.0^97 

.97029 

76 

15 

.25881 

.74118 

3.8637 

.26794 

3.7320 

1.03527 

.0340 

.96592 

75 

16 

.27563 

.72436 

3.6279 

.28674 

3.4874 

1.04029 

.0387 

.96126  74 

17 

.29237 

.70762 

3.4203 

.30573 

8.2708 

1.04569 

.0436 

.95630  ,  73 

18 

.30901 

.69098 

3.2360 

.32491 

3.0776 

1.05146 

.0489 

.95105  !  72 

19 

.32556 

.67443 

3.0715 

.34432 

2.9042 

1.05762 

.0544 

.94551  71 

20 

.34202 

.65797 

2.9238 

.36397 

2.7474 

1.06417 

.0603 

.93969  70 

21 

.35836 

.64163 

2.7904 

.38386 

2.6050 

1.07114 

.0664 

.93358  69 

22 

.37460 

.62539 

2.6694 

.40402 

2.4750 

1.07853 

.0728 

.92718 

68 

23 

.39073 

.  60926 

2.5593 

.42447 

2.3558 

1.08636 

.0794 

.92050 

67 

24 

.40673 

.59326 

2.4585 

.44522 

2.2460 

1.09463 

.0864 

.91354 

66 

25 

.42261 

.57738 

2.3662 

.46630 

2.1445 

1.10337 

.0936 

.90630 

65 

26 

.43837 

.56162 

2.2811 

.48773 

2.0503 

1.11260 

.1012 

.89879 

64 

27 

.45399 

.54600 

2.2026 

.50S52 

1.9626 

1.12232 

.1089 

.89100 

63 

28 

.46947 

.53052 

2.1300 

.53170 

-1.8807 

1.13257 

.1170  .88294 

62 

29 

.48480 

.51519 

2.0626 

.55430 

1.8040 

1.14335 

.1253 

.87461 

61 

30 

.50000 

.50000 

2.0000 

.57735 

1.7320 

1.15470 

.1339 

.86602 

CO 

31 

.51503 

.48496 

1.9416 

.60086 

1.6642 

1.16663 

.1428 

.85716 

59 

32 

.52991 

.47008 

1.8870 

.62486 

1.6003 

1.17917 

.1519 

.84804  58 

33 

.54463 

.45536 

1.8360 

.64940 

1.5398 

1.19236 

.1613 

.83867  57 

34 

.55919 

.44080 

1.7882 

.67450 

1.4825 

1.20621 

.1709 

.82903  !  56 

35 

.57357 

.42642 

1.7434 

.70020 

1.4281 

1.22077 

.1808 

.81915  55 

36 

.58778 

.41221 

1.7013 

.72654 

1.3763 

1.23606 

.1909 

.80901  '  54 

37 

.60181 

.39818 

1.6616 

.75355 

1.3270 

1.25213 

.2013 

.79863  53 

38 

.61566 

.38433 

1.6242 

.78128 

1.2799 

1.26901 

.2119 

.78801  52 

39 

.62932 

.37067 

1.5890 

.80978 

.2348 

1.28675 

.2228 

.77714  51 

40 

.64278 

.35721 

1.5557 

.83909 

.1917 

1.30540 

.2339 

.76604  50 

41 

.65605 

.34394 

1.5242 

.86928 

.1503 

1.32501 

.2452 

.75470  49 

42 

.66913 

.33086 

1.4944 

.90040 

.1106 

1.34563 

.2568 

.74314  i  48 

43 

.68199 

.31800 

1.4662 

.93251 

.0723 

1.36732 

.2686 

.73135  47 

44 

.69465 

.30534 

1.4395 

.96568 

.0355 

1.39016 

.2806 

.71933  46 

45 

.70710 

.29289 

1.4142 

1.00000 

.0000 

1.41421 

.2928 

.70710 

45 

Cosine. 

Versin. 

Secant. 

Cotang. 

Tangt. 

Cosecant 

Cover. 

Sine. 

122       THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY. 

CIRCUMFERENCES  OF  CIRCLES, 

Advancing  by  Eighths. 

CIRCUMFERENCES. 

as 

.0 

.* 

y4 

•X 

X 

5/8 

•K 

K 

3 

0           .0 

.3927 

.7854 

1.178 

1.571 

1.963 

2.356 

2.749 

1         3.142 

3.534 

3.927 

4.320       4.712 

5.105 

5.498 

5.890 

2  !       6.283 

6.676 

7.069 

7  461        7.854 

8.246 

8.639 

9.032 

3 

9  425 

9.817 

10.21 

10.60     !  10.99 

11.39 

11.78 

12.17 

4 

12.56 

12.96 

13.35 

13.74 

14.13 

14.53 

14.92 

15.31 

5 

15.71 

16.10 

16.49 

16.88 

17.28 

17.67 

18.06 

18.45 

6 

18.85 

19,24 

19.63 

20.02 

20.42 

20.81 

21.20 

21.60 

7 

21.99 

22.38 

22.77 

23.17 

23.56 

23.95 

24.34 

24.74 

8 

25  13 

25.52 

25.92 

26.31 

26.70 

27.09 

27.49 

27.88 

9 

28.27 

28.66 

29.06 

29.45 

29.84 

30.23 

30.63 

31.02 

10 

31.41 

31.81 

32.20 

32.59 

32.98 

33.38 

33.77 

34.16 

11 

34.55 

34.95 

35.34 

35  73 

36.13 

36.52 

36.91 

37.30 

12 

37.70       38.09 

38.48 

38.87       39.27 

39.66 

40.05 

40  45 

13 

40.84  i     41.23 

41.62 

42.02       42.41 

42.80 

43.19 

43.59 

14 

43.98       44.37 

44.76 

45.16        45.55 

45.94 

46.34 

46.73 

15 

47.12       47.51 

47.91 

48.30       48.69 

49.08 

49.48 

49.87 

16 

50.26       50.66 

51.05 

51.44       51.83 

52.23 

52.62 

53.01 

17 

53.40       53.80 

54.19 

54.58       54.97 

55.37 

55.76 

56.15 

18 

56.55  !     56.94 

57.33 

57-72        58.12 

58.51 

58.90       59.29 

19 

59.69 

60.08 

60.47 

60.87       61.26 

61.65 

62.04       62.43! 

20 

62.83 

63.22 

63.61 

64.01 

64.40 

64.79 

65.19       65.58  j 

21 

65.97       66.36 

66.76 

67.15       67-54 

67.93 

68.33 

68.72  1 

22 

69.11       69.50 

69.90 

70.29 

70.68 

71.08 

71.47 

71.86 

23 

72.25       72.65 

73.04 

73.43       73  82 

74  22 

74.61 

75.00 

24 

75  40  .     75.79       76-18 

76.57       76.97 

77.36 

77.75 

78.14 

25 

78.54  j     78.93       79.32 

79.71 

80.11 

80  50 

80.89 

81.29 

26 

81.68 

82.07 

82.46 

82.86 

83.25 

83.64 

84.03 

84.43 

27 

84.82 

85.21 

85.60 

86.00 

86.39 

86.78 

87.18 

87.57 

28 

87.96 

88.35 

88.75 

89.14       89.53 

89.93 

90.32 

90.71 

29 

91.10 

91.50 

31.89 

92.28  !     92.67 

93.07 

93.46 

93.85 

30 

94.24 

94.64 

95.03 

95.42       95.82 

96  21 

96.60 

96.99 

31 

97.39 

97.78 

98.17 

98.57       98.96 

99.35 

99.75 

100.14 

32 

100.53 

100.92 

101.32 

101.71      102.10 

102  49 

102.89     103.28 

33 

103.67 

104.07 

104.46 

104.85      105.24      105.64 

106.03  i  106.42 

34 

106.81 

107.21 

107.60 

107.99     108.39     108.78 

109.17      109.56 

35 

109.96 

110.35 

110.74 

111.13 

111.53 

111.92 

112.31      112.71 

36 

113  10 

113.49 

113.88 

114.28 

114.67 

115.06 

115.45 

115.85 

37 

116.24 

116.63 

117.02     117.42 

117.81 

118.20 

118.60     118.99 

38 

119.38 

119.77 

120.17      120.56 

120.95 

121.34 

121.74      122.13 

39 

122.52 

122.92 

123.31      123.70 

124.09 

124.49 

124.88     125.27 

40 

125.66 

126.06 

126.45 

126.84 

127.24 

127.63 

128.02      128.41 

41 

128  81      129.20 

129.59     129.98     130.38 

130.77 

131.16 

131.55 

42 

131.95  |  132.34 

132.73  !  133.13     133.52 

133.91 

134.30 

134.70 

43 

135.09  !  135.48 

135.87      136.27      136.66      137.05 

137.45      137.84 

44 

138.23  I  138.62 

139.02     139.41      139.80      140.19 

140.59      14098 

45 

• 

141.37 

141.76 

142.16      142.55     142.94      143.34 

143.73     144.12  ! 

THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY.     123 

AEEAS    OF    CIRCLES, 

Advancing  by  Eighths. 

AREAS. 

i 

.0 

•% 

•% 

.# 

•% 

•  H 

•3X 

•H 

Q 

0 

.0 

.0122 

.0491 

.1104 

.1963        .3068 

.4418 

.6013 

1 

.7854 

.9940 

1.227 

1.485 

1.767 

2.074 

2.405 

2.761 

2 

3.1416 

3.546 

3.976 

4.430 

4.908 

5.411 

5.939 

6.492 

3 

7.068 

7.670 

8.296 

8.946 

9.621 

10.32 

11.04 

11.79 

4 

12.56 

13.36 

14.18 

15.03 

15.90 

16.80 

17.72 

18.66 

5 

19.63 

20.63 

21.65 

22.69 

23.76 

24.85 

25.96 

27.10 

6 

28.27 

29.46 

30.68 

31.92 

33.18 

34.47 

35.78 

37.12 

7 

38  48 

39.87 

41.28 

42.72 

44.18 

45.66 

47.17 

48.70 

8 

50.26 

51.85 

53.45 

55.09 

56.74 

58.42 

60.13 

61.86 

9 

63.61 

65.39 

67.20 

69.03 

70.88 

72.76 

74.66 

76.59 

10 

78.54 

80.51 

82.51 

84.54 

86.59 

88.66 

90.76 

92.88 

11 

95.03       97.20 

99.40 

101.6 

103.9 

106.1 

108.4 

110.7 

12 

113.1 

115.5 

117.9 

120.3       122.7 

125.2       127.7 

130.2 

13 

132.7 

135.3 

137.9 

140.5  !     143.1 

145.8       148.5 

151.2 

14: 

153.9 

156.7 

159.5 

162.3 

165.1 

168.0 

170.9 

173.8 

15 

176.7 

179.7 

182.7 

185.7 

188.7 

191-7 

194.8 

197.9 

16 

201.1 

204.2 

207.4 

210.6 

213.8 

217.1 

220.3 

223.6 

17 

227.0 

230.3 

233.7 

237.1 

240.5 

244.0 

247.4 

250.9 

18 

254.5 

258.0 

261.6 

265.2 

268.8 

272.4 

276.1 

279.8 

19 

283.5 

287.3 

291.0 

294.8 

298.6 

302.5 

306.3 

310.2 

20 

314.2 

318.1 

322.1 

326.0 

330.1 

334.1 

338.2 

342.2 

21 

346.4 

350.5 

354.7 

358.8 

363.0 

367.3 

371.5 

375.8 

22 

380.1 

384.5 

388.8 

393.2 

397-6 

402.0 

406.5 

411.0 

23 

415.5 

420.0 

424.6 

429.1 

433.7 

438.4 

443:0 

447.7 

24 

452.4 

457.1 

461.9 

466.6 

471.4 

476.3 

481.1 

486.0 

25 

490.9 

495.8 

500.7       505.7 

510.7 

515.7 

520.8 

525.8 

26 

530.9 

536.0 

541.2 

546.3 

551.6 

556.8 

562.0 

567.3 

27 

572.6 

577.9 

583.2 

588.6 

594.0       599.4 

604.8 

610.3 

28 

615.7 

621.3 

626.8 

632.4 

637.9  i     643.5 

649.2 

654.8 

29 

660.5 

666.2 

672.0 

677.7 

683.5       689.3 

695.1 

701.0 

30 

706.9 

712.8 

718.7 

724.6 

730.6       736.6 

742.6 

748.7 

31 

754.8 

760.9 

767.0 

773.1 

779.3  I     785.5 

791.7 

798.0 

32  I     804.3 

810.5 

816.9 

823.2 

829.6  |     836.0 

842.4 

848.8 

33        855.3 

861.8 

868.3 

874.9 

881.4 

888.0 

894.6 

901.3 

34  :     907  9 

914.6 

921.3 

928.1 

934.8 

941.6 

948.4 

955.2 

35        962,1 

969.0 

975.9 

982.8 

989.8 

996.8 

1003.8 

1010.8 

36      1017.9 

1025.0 

1032.1 

1039.2 

1046.3 

1053.5 

1060.7 

1068.0 

37      1075.2 

1082.5 

1089.8 

1097.1 

1104.5 

1111.8 

1119.2 

1126.7 

38      1134.1 

1141.6 

1149.1 

1156.6 

1164.2 

1171-7      1179.3 

1186.9 

39      1194.6 

1202.3 

1210.0 

1217.7 

1225.4 

1233.2  i  1241.0 

1248.8 

40     1256.6 

1264.5 

1272.4 

1280.3 

1288.2      1296.2  1  1304.2 

1312.2 

41  1   1320.3 

1328.3 

1336.4 

1344.5 

1352.7     1360.8 

1369.0 

1377.2 

42      1385.4 

1393.7 

1402.0 

1410.3 

1418.6  :  1427.0 

1435.4 

1443.8 

43  I  1452.2 

1460.7     1469.1 

1477.6  I  1486.2  i  1494.7 

1503.3 

1511.9 

44  ,  1520.5 

1529.2      1537.9 

1546.6      1555.3      1564.0 

1572.8 

1581.6 

45      1590.4 

1599.3      1608.2 

1617.0     1626.0     1634.9      1643.9 

1652.9 

i 

1                 i               •  i       .          •                 i 

8 

M                                                                                                                     —  »• 

124       THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY. 

SURVEYING  MEASURE   (LINEAL). 

Inches.         Links.        Feet. 

Yards.      Chains.           Mile. 

Fr.  Meters. 

1.     =     .126  =     .0833  = 

.0278  =   .00126  =   .0000158  = 

.0254 

7.92      1. 

.66 

.22             .01 

.000125 

.2012 

12.           1.515        1. 

.333           .01515         .000189 

.3048 

36.           4.545        3.             3 

.04545         .000568 

.9144 

792.       100. 

66.           22.              1. 

.0125 

20.116 

63360.     8000. 

5280.       1760.             80. 

1. 

1609.315 

One  knot 

or  geographical  mile  =6086.  07  feet  = 

=1855.11 

metres  =  I  .  I 

526  statute 

mile. 

One  admiralty  knot  = 

1.1515  statute  miles  =  6080  feet. 

LONG 

MEASURE. 

Inches.      Feet. 

Yards. 

Fath.    Poles. 

Furl.           Mile. 

Fr.  Meters. 

1.    =     .083  =  .02778  =.0139=.  005  =.000126=.  0000158=       .0254 

12.          1. 

.333 

.1667     .0606 

00151       .0001894           .3048 

36.          3. 

1. 

.5           .182 

00454       .000568 

.9144 

72.          6. 

2.              1.             .364 

0091         .001136 

1.8287 

198.    16K- 

55^.           2^ 

1. 

025           .003125 

5.0291 

7920.      660. 

220.           110.         40.           1 

.125 

201.16 

63360.    5280. 

1760.           880.       320.           8.              1. 

1609.315 

A  palm  = 

3  inches. 

A  span  = 

9  inches. 

A  hand  =  4  inches. 

A  cable's  length  =  120  fathoms. 

FRENCH  LONG  MEASURE. 

Inches. 

Feet.'' 

Yards. 

Miles 

Millimetre  .  . 

.039368 

.00328 

Centimetre  .  . 

.39368 

.03280 

Decimetre  .  .  . 

3.9368 

.32807 

.10935? 

Metre 

39-368 

3.2807 

1  .  09357 

Decametre  .  . 

393.68 

32.807', 

10.9357 

Hectometre  . 

328.07 

109.357 

.0621346 

Kilometre  .  .  . 

3280.7 

1093.57 

.6213466 

Myriametre  '. 

32807. 

10935.7 

6.213466 

j» 

THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY.      125 


SQUARE  MEASURE. 


Inches. 
1 

144.  1. 

1296.  9. 

39204.  272  #. 

1568160.  10890. 

6272640.  43560. 


Feet.   Yards.   Perches.   Roods.    Acre.  Sq.  Metres. 
.  00694  = .  000772= .  0000255= .  00000064= .  000000159= .  000645 


.111 


1210. 
4840. 


.00367 
.0331 
1. 
40. 
160. 


0000918   .000023     .0929 
.0002066    .8361 
.00625    25.292 
.25    1011.7 
1.      4046.7 


.025 
1. 
4. 


I  oo  square  feet  =  I  square. 
10  square  chains  =  I  acre. 
i  chain  wide  —  8  acres  per  mile. 
i  hectare  =  2.471143  acres. 

r  =  27878400  square  feet, 
i  square  mile  ?  =  3097600  square  yards. 

(  =  646  acres. 

Acres  X  .0015625  =  square  miles. 
Square  yard  X  .000000323  =  square  miles. 
Acres  X  4840  =  square  yards. 
Square  yards  X  .0002066  =  acres. 

A  section  of  land  is  i  mile  square,  and  contains  640  acres. 
A  square  acre  is  208.  71  ft.  at  each  side;  or  220  X  I98  ft. 
A  square  ^-acre  is  147. 58  ft.  at  each  side;  or  no  X  198  ft. 
A  square  %-acre  is  104.355  ft:  at  eacn  side5   or  55  X  198  ft. 
A  circular  acre  is  235.504  feet  in  diameter. 
A  circular  ^-acre  is  166.527  feet  in  diameter. 
A  circular  ^-acre  is ^17.752  feet  iri  diameter.- 


FRENCH  SQUARE  MEASURE. 


Square. 


Millimetre  . . . 
Centimetre. .. 
Decimetre  . . . 
Metre  or  Cen 
Decametre. . . 

Hectare 

Kilometre 


Square  Inches. 


Square  Feet. 


.00154  .0000107 

.15498  .0010763 

15.498  .1076305 

1549.8  10.76305 

154988.  1076.305 

107630.58 
. 38607  D  mis.  1 10763058 . 


Square  Yards. 


000001 
.000119 
.011958 
1.19589 
119.589 
11958.95 
1195895. 


Acres. 


Myriametre. .  |38.607 


126     THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY. 


CUBIC    MEASUEE. 


Inches. 

1.      = 
1728. 
46656. 


Feet. 

.0005788    = 
1. 
27. 


Yard.  Cubic  Metres. 

.000002144  =     .000016386 

.03704  .028315 

1.  .764513 


A  cord  of  wood  =128  cubic  feet,  being  four  feet  high,  four 
feet  wide,  and  eight  feet  long. 

Forty-two  cubic  feet  =  a  ton  of  shipping. 
A  perch  of  masonry  contains  24^  cubic  feet. 

A  CUBIC  FOOT  is  EQUAL  TO 


1728  cubic  inches. 

.037037  cubic  yard. 

.803564  U.  S.   struck  bushel 

of  2150.42  cubic  inches. 
3.21426  U.  S.  pecks. 
7.48052  U.  S.    liquid    galls. 

of  231  cubic  inches. 
6.42851  U.  S.  dry  galls. 
29.92208  U.  S.  liquid  quarts. 


25 . 71405  U.  S.  dry  quarts. 
59.84416  U.  S.  liquid  pints. 
51 .42809  U.  S.  dry  pints. 
239.37662  U.  S.  gills. 
.26667  flour  barrel  of  3  struck 

bushels. 

.23748  U.  S.  liquid  barrel  of 
galls. 


FRENCH   CUBIC   OE   SOLID 
MEASUEE. 


Gill. 

Pint. 

Quart. 

Gallon. 

Peck. 

Bush. 

Cubic 
Inches. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

Centilitre,    Dry 
Liquid 

.0845 

.0181 
.0211 

.... 

.61016 

Decilitre.  .  .  Dry 
Liquid 

8452 

.1816 
.2113 

!0908 
.1056 

0264 

.0113 

....  .1  ' 

6.1016 

.... 

Litre  Dry 

1.816 

.908 

.1135 

61  .016 

no  co 

Liquid 

8.452 

2.113 

1.056 

^2641 

.uooo 

Decalitre.  .Dry 
Liquid 

84.52 

21.13 

9.08 
10.56 

2.64i 

1.135 

.2837 

610.16 

.3531 

Hectolitre  .  Dry 
Liquid 

211.3 

90.8 
105.6 

26^4i 

11.35 

2.837 

6101.6 

3.531 

Kilolitre  or  Cu- 

bic Metre,  Dry 
Liquid 

1056.5 

264  .1 

113.5 

28.37 

61016. 

35.31 

Myrialitre  .  Dry 

1135. 

283.  7 

QCQ    .. 

Liquid 

10565. 

2641.4 

OOO.l 

F 

« 

THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL 

COMPANY 

.     127 

AVOIRDUPOIS  WEIGHT. 

The  standard  avoirdupois  pound  is  the  weight  of  27.7015 

cubic  inches  of  distilled  water,  weighed 

in  the  air,  at  39.83 

degrees  Fahr. 

,  barometer  at  thirty  inches. 

27.343  grains  =  I  drachm. 

French 

Drachms.     Ounces.    Lbs. 

Qrs.          Cwts. 

Ton.       Grammes. 

1.     =     .0625=.  0039   =     . 

000139=.  000035 

=  .00000174=1.771846 

16.          1. 

.0625 

00223        000558 

.000028        28.34954 

256.        16. 

1. 

0357         .00893 

.000447      453.59 

7168.       448. 

28.                1. 

.25 

.0125      12700. 

28672.     1792. 

112.                 4. 

1. 

.05          50802. 

573440.   35840 

2240.               80 

20. 

1.           1016048. 

A  stone  =  14  pounds. 

A  quintal  —  loo  pounds. 

7000    grains  =  one    avoirdupois    pound  =  1  .21528    troy 

pounds. 

5760    grains  =  one    troy    pound   = 

.82285    avoirdupois 

pounds. 

FRENCH   WEIGHTS. 

EQUIVALENT 

TO    AVOIRDUPOIS. 

Grains. 

Ounces. 

Lbs. 

Tons. 
2240  Ibs. 

Milligramme  . 

.015433 

Centigramme  . 

.1543311           .000352 

.000022 

Decigramme  . 

1.54331 

.003527 

.000220 

Gramme  .    ... 

15.4331 

.035275 

.002204 

Decagramme  . 

154.331 

.352758 

.022047 

Hectogramme 

1543.31 

3.52758 

.220473 

.000098 

Kilogramme  . 

15433.1 

35.2758 

2.20473 

.  000984 

Myriagramme 

352.758 

22.0473 

.009842 

Quintal  

3527.58 

220.473 

.098425 

Millier  or  Tonne  .  . 

35275  .  8 

2204.73 

.984258 

88  - 

8 

128      THE     PASSAIC     ROLLING     MILL     COMPANY. 


DIMENSIONS    OF    PASSAIC    E.  M. 
STANDAED    TUEN- TABLES. 

Plates   19  and  20. 


Diameter  of  pit  

ft.  in. 

35.0 

ft.  in.  1  ft.  in.  l  ft.  in. 

40.  Oj45.  050.0 

ft.  in. 

55.0 

ft.  in. 

60.0 

Length  of  girder,  out  to  out  .... 

34.4 

39.4|44.449.6 

54.6 

59.6 

Diameter  of  circular  tracks,  cen- 
ter to  center  of  rail  

31.0 

36.0J41.  0.46.0 

51.0 

56.0 

Depth  from  top  of  rail  on  table 
to  top  of  center  stone  

5.0 

5.0    5.0    5.6 

5.6 

5.G 

Depth  from  top  of  rail  on  table 
to  top  of  rail  of  circular  track  . 

3.4 

3.4    3.4.3.10 

3.10 

3.10 

Ditto  for  special  turn-table,  shallow  pit. 

2.0 

2.0)  2.01  2.6 

2.6 

2.6 

POINTS  OF  MEEIT  IN  PASSAIC  E.  M. 
GO'S   STANDAED   TUEN-TABLES. 

The  table  is  entirely  center-bearing,  and  rests  on  steel  discs, 
A,  six  inches  in  diameter,  which  offer  very  little  resistance  to 
turning  around,  and  at  the  same  time  give  ample  bearing 
surface  to  maintain  the  parts  in  good  working  order.  As  the 
friction  acts  on  a  lever  2  inches  long,  and  the  power  on  one 
whose  length  is  equal  to  the  radius  of  the  turn-table,  it  is 
apparent  that  very  little  power  will  be  required  to  turn  it. 
The  table  is  hung  to  the  center-pin  by  two  bolts,  B  B,  made 
of  re-rolled  iron;  this  arrangement  prevents  any  uneven  dis- 
tribution of  the  load,  produced  by  tightening  of  the  bolts, 
such  as  is  liable  to  be  produced  when  more  than  two  are 
used.  The  shape  of  the  girder  is  such  as  to  approach,  in  the 
nearest  practicable  manner,  the  theoretical  form,  which 
requires  a  constant  flange  section,  when  due  regard  is  taken 
to  the  influence  of  the  varying  sign  of  the  strains  at  any  point 
of  either  flange,  according  to  the  position  of  the  engine.  The 
flanges  are  made  of  4x6  in.  angle  iron,  extending  all  the  way 
through  at  the  top  without  a  splice,  and  spliced  in  the  center 
at  the  bottom.  The  flange  of  this  iron,  being  6  inches  wide, 


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